Slides

Question 1

What is sociology

Answer 1

The systematic study of human behaviour in social context.

Question 2

What fields does some elements have in common with sociology

Answer 2

Philosophy/ethics
History 
Political Science
Economics 
Anthropology 
Psychology 
Geography

Question 3

Sociological imagination

Answer 3

The quality of mind that enables one to see the connection between personal troubles and social structures and forces.

Question 4

Who is functionalist Émile Durkheim

Answer 4

Argued that human behaviour is shaped by “social facts” and demonstrated that suicide rates varied with different degrees of social solidarity in different population categories.

Question 5

Functionalist: Robert Merton

Answer 5

Manifest functions
-Intended and easily observed
Latent functions
-Unintended and less obvious

Question 6

Who’s Karl Marx (conflict theorist)

Answer 6

• Class Conflict
• Class Consciousness

“From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”.

Question 7

Max Weber (conflict theorist)

Answer 7

Capitalism did not develop solely due to economic forces.

Question 8

George Herbert Mead

Answer 8

Our sense of self is not present from birth. Taking the role of the other allows the self to emerge.

Question 9

What are the main sociological research methods?

Answer 9

Experiment: A carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to isolate hypothesized causes and measure their effects precisely. (Independent)

Control group: a group that is NOT exposed to the independent variable in an experiment

Question 10

Culture

Answer 10

The sum of socially transmitted practices, languages, symbols, beliefs, values, ideologies, and material objects that people create to deal with real life problems.

Question 11

Functionalist

Answer 11

Culture enables social solidarity

Question 12

Conflict Theory

Answer 12

Culture constrains people, justifies dominance

Question 13

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 13

Culture as “Script” and “Context” for human interaction

Question 14

Feminism

Answer 14

Culture as patriarchal and paternalist legacy

Question 15

Sigmund Freud

Answer 15

Proposed the first social scientific interpretation of the process by which the self emerges. Rather than a self that emerges naturally, Freud argued that it was due to social interaction.

Question 16

Charles Horton Cooley

Answer 16

Looking-glass self: We imagine how we appear to others (their judgment towards us) and develop a self-concept or a set of feelings/ideas about who we are.

Question 17

George Herbert Mead argued..

Answer 17

That a storehouse of culturally approved standards emerge as part of the self during interaction (I, Me).

Question 18

What is the most important agent of primary socialization

Answer 18

Family

The process of acquiring the basic skills required to operate in society during childhood.

Question 19

What is the secondary socialization

Answer 19

Public school system is increasingly responsible.

Question 20

The hidden curriculum and conflict theorists

Answer 20

Their research on socialization in schools highlights many students, especially those from working-class and racial-minority families, struggle against the hidden curriculum..

Question 21

What is the Thomas theorem

Answer 21

Situations we define as real become real in their consequences.

Question 22

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 22

An expectation that helps to cause what it predicts.

Question 23

Resocialization

Answer 23

Occurs when powerful socializing agents deliberately cause rapid change in a person’s values, roles, and self-conception, sometimes against that person’s will.

Question 24

Total institutions

Answer 24

Settings in which people are isolated from the larger society and are under strict control and constant supervision of specialized staff.

Question 25

Virtual communities

Answer 25

Associations of people, scattered across the city or around the world, who communicate via computer about subjects of common interest.

Question 26

Social interaction

Answer 26

Involves people communicating face to face or via computer, acting and reacting in relation to other people. It is structured around norms, rules, and statuses.

Question 27

Role conflict

Answer 27

Occurs when two or more statuses held at the same time place contradictory role demands on a person.

Question 28

Role strain

Answer 28

Occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person in a single status

Question 29

Emotion management

Answer 29

Involves people obeying "feeling rules" and responding appropriately to situations

Question 30

Emotional labour

Answer 30

Emotion management that many people do as part of their job and for which they are paid.

Question 31

Charles Derber's analysis of conversations

Answer 31

Social interaction involves competition over valued resources. The odds of a relationship enduring goes up if there are payoffs for the interacting parties.

Question 32

Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis

Answer 32

Views social interaction as a sort of play in which people present themselves so that they appear in the best possible light.

Question 33

Sociologists emphasize these 3 factors:

Answer 33

1. Norms of solidarity demand conformity 2. Structures of authority tend to render people obedient 3. Bureaucracies are highly effectives structures of authority

Question 34

Social network

Answer 34

A bounded set of units linked by the exchange of material or emotional resources

Question 35

Social group

Answer 35

A group composed of one or more networks of people who identify with one another, routinely interact, and adhere to defined norms, roles, and statuses.

Question 36

Social category

Answer 36

A group composed of people who share similar status but who do not routinely interact or identify with one another.

Question 37

Deviance

Answer 37

Departure from a norm that evokes a negative reaction from others.

Question 38

Crime

Answer 38

Deviance that breaks a law

Question 39

Informal punishment

Answer 39

A mild sanction that is imposed during face-to-face interaction rather than by the judicial system.

Question 40

Formal punishment

Answer 40

Penalization by the judicial system for breaking a law.

Question 41

Symbolic interactionism and labelling theory

Answer 41

Deviance is not inherent to an act, but rather it is the result of the externally imposed label of "deviant".

Question 42

Émile Durkheim's explanation on deviance and crime

Answer 42

Deviance and crime are functional and beneficial for society. 1. Reinforce social solidarity 2. Help societies adapt to social change

Question 43

Robert Merton's explanation of deviance and crime

Answer 43

1. Cultural value of 'material success' | 2. Lack of legitimate opportunities to succeed

Question 44

Deviance and crime: conflict theories

Answer 44

Deviant and criminal labels are imposed on others by the rich and powerful members of society.

Question 45

Factors in economic success

Answer 45

Degree of natural talent, degree of effort, level of education

Question 46

Why is a definition of poverty important

Answer 46

Social policies are enacted (not enacted) based on poverty levels and trends

Question 47

Marx's conflict theory (is stratification inevitable?)

Answer 47

Did not view social stratification as inevitable. Believed capitalist growth would produce a society without classes and class conflict.

Question 48

Functionalist Theory of Davis and Moore

Answer 48

Asserts the inevitability of social stratification. 1. Some jobs are more important than others. 2. People must make sacrifices to train for important jobs.

Question 49

Weber's compromise (is stratification inevitable?)

Answer 49

Argued that the emergence of a classless society was highly unlikely