Slides

Question 1

What is Back formation?

Answer 1

Burgle (back-formed from burglar)

a word formation process which consits of the deletion of a potential affix

Question 2

What is Conversion?

Answer 2

a word formation preocess of coining a new word belonging in a different word-class without changing the external form

green instead of putting green

Question 3

Affixation

Answer 3

adding a prefix or a suffix to a word

Bicycle

predetermined

wonderfully

joining

affix: a bound morphene + a free morphene expressing derivational or inflectional catorgories

Question 4

Inflection vs Derivation

Answer 4

Inflection: Does not change the meaning

past tense or plural

Tree

Trees

Derivation: changes the meaning

Likely

Unlikely

Question 5

Morphology

Answer 5

a branch of linguistics studying the internal structure of words and the relations between morphemes

walk

walks walk_ed_ walking walker

Question 6

Lexicology

Answer 6

the study of the form, meaning, and behavior of word

Lexicon: a structured system of words for a language

Question 7

Syntax

Answer 7

A branch of linguistics mainly focusing on the sentence

(word order)

Question 8

Variables

Answer 8

When we conduct a linguistic research, we usually work with a number of variables some of which are independent and some are dependent. This post defines these two types of variables.

An independent variable is what is given (e.g. age, sex, social class, geographical location, occupation), the “input”.

An dependent variable is what results from this set of independent variables (e.g. pronunciation of the phoneme [r], use of a particular dialect, use of a particular sociolect).

Question 9

Syntagma vs Paragdigm

Answer 9

Syntagma: the structual unit of syntax expressing the relation between sentence members

the rigid linear part of the sentence

Paradigm: the changable elements of the sentence

Question 10

determinant vs determinatum

Answer 10

determinant is the modifying constiuent of a complex word

determinant is the modyfying constiuent of a complex word standing for the whole class of objects

Dertiminant + determaninatum

Black + Board

Question 11

morphemes

Answer 11

the smallest meaningful form of language

Question 12

descriptive grammar

Answer 12

grammar whose main focus is description of existing structures

Question 13

prescriptive grammar

Answer 13

a grammar evaluating what is correct or incorrect

Question 14

Synchrony

Answer 14

a linguistic method which studies language as it is at a particular point in time without reference to previous development

Question 15

grammar

Answer 15

a system of rules for a language

Question 16

Diachrony

Answer 16

a linguistic method that studies a language in its historical perspective

basically how languages change over time

Question 17

Semiotic triangel

Answer 17

by ogden and richards

1. start: symbol
2. rise: symbolizes a causal relationship
3. peak: a thought or reference
4. fall: refers to othe causal relationship
5. end referent

Question 18

philology

Answer 18

the study of literary texts

Question 19

Inflection

Answer 19

providing word stem with gramatical morphemes

Question 20

Semantics

Answer 20

the field of linguistics studying the meanin g of linguistic units

Question 21

derivational morphology

Answer 21

a subdiscipline of morphology explaining and describing the formation of new words

Question 22

Compound

Answer 22

a word consisting of at least two free morphemes

a sentence consisting of at least two main clauses

Question 23

Arbitrariness

Answer 23

in linguistics a relation between form and meaning in particular the form of a linguistic sign does not depend on its meaning

Question 24

Applied linguistics

Answer 24

linguistics in practice

education, pschology, archeology

Question 25

Case

Answer 25

a secondary category of nouns and adjectivesused in inflectional languages to expressthe relations between words in a sentence

Question 26

2 branches of linguistics

Answer 26

internal: 1. phonetics & phonology 2. morphology&syntax 3. pragmatics & semantics External: 1. psycholinguistic 2.sociolinguistics 3. anthropological linguistics 4. philisophical linguistics 5.Stylistics 6. computaional linguistics 7.applied linguistics

Question 27

Carstair-McCarthy

Answer 27

Linguistics as a discipline is hard to classify because it has so much input from a myriad od languages and also so many approaches to analize laguages

Question 28

otto jesperson

Answer 28

language was born in the courting days of mankind language originted while humans were enjoying themselves

Question 30

Adam /Sarasvati The Egyptian pharoah Psammetichus james the IV of scotland

Answer 30

Adam /Sarasvati/ gods named all the animals and created language The events in the city of Babel **the devine source** The Egyptian pharoah Psammetichus james the IV of scotland carried out experiments on childrent to see if they could speak automatically

Question 31

onomatopoeic

Answer 31

echoing natural sounds

Question 32

bow wow theory Yo Heave ho theory The oral gesture source

Answer 32

bow wow theory: language developed from natural occuring sounds Yo Heave ho theory: sound of physical effort can be the source of language Oral gesture: origin of language could have come from the link orf physical gestures and oral sounds

Question 33

Richard Paget 1930

Answer 33

a specialized pantomime of the tongue and lips

Question 34

Glossogentics

Answer 34

biological bases for the development and formation of human language

Question 35

Morpheme breakdown

Answer 35

The smallest linguistic unit that has meaning The man unbuttoned his shirt (5 word sentence) unbuttoned (3 morphemes) button (4 phonemes) b (1 phoneme)

Question 36

Morphemes parts

Answer 36

roots affiixes infixes\*

Question 37

Polysynthetic Languages (yupik) vs Isolating languages

Answer 37

Polysynthetic: Languages that form words with many morphemes Isolating: Words are usually similar morphemes

Question 38

Allomorphy

Answer 38

a single morpheme can vary depending on the phonological enviroment hogs = hogz gloves= glovz witches = witchez after fricatives and sibilants(hissing) -ez after voiced sounds -z after voiceless -s

Question 39

constituent

Answer 39

a word or group of words that function as a single unit

Question 40

Hierarchy

Answer 40

i got a bad feeling about this [I] noun phrase [Got a bad feling about this] [Go] verb [a bad feeling about this] phrase

Question 41

What is Linguistics

Answer 41

Linguistics (linguistic science) is the scientific study of human language.- Crystal The name given to the discipline which studies human language- Widdowson From Latin lingua= languages- study of languages in all its amazing diversity

Question 42

Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields:

Answer 42

1. the study of language form 2. that of language meaning 3. of language in a broader context

Question 43

Ferdinand de Saussure- SYNCHRONIC vs. DIACHRONIC LINGUISTICS

Answer 43

In linguistics, a synchronic analysis is one that views linguistic phenomena only at a given point in time, usually the present, though a synchronic analysis of a historical language form is also possible. (Ex. Dialects) Diachronic studies language in its development through time. Diachronic analysis is the main concern of historical linguistics (Ex. Changes of cases); most other branches of linguistics are concerned with some form of synchronic analysis.

Question 44

GRAMMAR

Answer 44

**universal** (principles common to grammars of all human languages), **prescriptive** (prescribes what speaker´s grammatical rules should be; prescribes how to speak), **descriptive** (a linguist‘s description or model of the mental grammar, the units, structures, and rules of speakers of a particular language; an attempt to state what speakers unconsciously know about their language; describe how language works) morphology + syntax

Question 45

Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Lexicology Semantics Lexicon Prescriptive grammar Descriptive grammar Universal grammar Arbitrary word Onomatopoeic

Answer 45

**Phonetics** à the study of speech sounds **Phonology** à the study of the distinctive sound units (phonemes) **Morphology** à form and structure of words **Syntax** à the structure of sentences **Lexicology** à form & meaning of words **Semantics** à the study of meaning **Lexicon** à mental vocabulary **Prescriptive grammar** à how a lg. is to be used **Descriptive grammar** à how lg. is used in practice **Universal grammar** à lg. system that is used by all lgs. **Arbitrary** à the relationship between an object and its word **Onomatopoeic** words à words that represent what they sound (it is not arbitrary)

Question 46

SOURCES AND PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE

Answer 46

1. The divine source 2. The natural- sound source a) Bow- wow theory- b) The pooh- pooh theory- c) Yo-heave-ho theory- 3. The oral- gesture source 4. Glossogentics 5. Physiological adaptio

Question 47

PROPERTIES Arbitrariness Cultural transmission Discreteness Displacement Duality Productivity

Answer 47

**Arbitrariness:**there is no "natural" connection between a linguistic form and its meaning **Cultural transmission:** lg. is passed on from one generation to the next (adopted child acquires new lg.) **Discreteness:**each sound in language is treated as discrete (unique) **Displacement:**human lg.-users are perfectly capable of producing messages referring to past & future time, and to other locations **Duality:**- language is organised at two levels simultaneously (level of sound, level of meaning) it describes a fact that in a lg. we can have 3 diff. meanings for the 3 words tack, act, cat, yet in each case use the same set of sounds. [t][e][k] **Productivity:**the potential number of utterances in any language is infinite Onomatopoeic words – buzz, clap, click, splash. Words that imitate natural sounds. Not everything does sound; they are not part of the core vocabulary. They are not universals, we hear sounds from the perspective of our language.

Question 48

Ferdinand de Saussure- Bilateral theory of linguistic sign

Answer 48

**Meaning:** Concept(mental image)=signified=signifie **Fom:** Acoustic image =signifier=significant F. de Saussure: one of the greatest linguists of all times, founder of Geneva school has developed conception of linguistic sign within the general theory of semiology (the theoryof signs) sign is sth what stands for sth else; it is combination of form and meaning bilateral theory - signs are bilateral units (have both form and meaning)

Question 49

Features of linguistic sign:

Answer 49

**Arbitrariness-** the relationship between two facets of linguistic sign is not inherent, it is arbitrary, w **Conventionality**- components (book- kniha- Buch- kniga- livre) are mutually linked by way of convention of speech community (from generation to generation) **Linearity**- utterances are realized in time, implies the syntagmatic feature of linguistics - so it is not possible for two linguistic signs to be at the same point of the time axis (their arrangement is linear) **Discontinuity/discreteness** - sounds (give shapes in nebula)- amorphous- nebula.Sound material of language is amorphous (having no definite shape, form or structure), **signification:** is a relationship between signifiant and signifié- in diagram it is represented by the arrows

Question 50

linguistics as a system of signs The value of each linguistic sign is determined by its relationship existing between signs

Answer 50

Charles Sanders PEIRCE´s approach to sign - there are 3 kinds of signs: 1. Likenesses/ icons 2. Indications/ indices 3. Symbols/ general signs **Likenesses** - is a mode in which the signifiant is perceived as resembling or imitating thesignifié (recognizably looking, sounding, smelling) **ex:** paintings, cartoons, sound effects in radio drama, imitative gestures, H2O **Indications** - a mode in which the signifiant is directly connected in some way to thesignifé (this link can be observed or inferred- usudzovaný ) **ex:** smoke, footprints, pain, weathercock, clock, phone ringing, moving leaves, **Symbols** – a mode in which the signifiant does not resemble the signifié but which is fundamentally arbitrary or purely conventional (relationship must be learnt) **ex:** alphabetic letters, punctuation mark, numbers, traffic lights, national flag Pierce´s triad of icon, index, symbol - expresses the relationship to the objective reality

Question 51

Langue/ parole, La langage

Answer 51

1. La langage - general human ability to use human language 2. Langue - it is an abstract system of conventional rules that are generally recognized by all speakers of [lang] the particular language/ community 3. Parole is an indivdual phenomenon concrete manifestation of langue uttered by an individual in a given moment → similar distinction- **performance vs. competence-** N. Chomsky

Question 52

Type & token relation

Answer 52

Type & token relation Type- is a particular derived word or phoneme. Token- is an occurrence of this word (type) in language. - concrete realization of my abstraction example: [t] – one type, one phoneme Better [t] [td]- at least 2 tokens

Question 53

JAKOBSON´S MODEL OF THE FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE

Answer 53

1) **context** (referential function) 2) **addresser** (sender, writer)- send a message to the addressee (emotive function) 3) **addresse**(receiver,reader) (conative function) 4) **contact-** physical channel and psychological connection (phatic function) between addresser and addressee 5) **common code-** common to the addresser and addressee (metalingual function) 6) **message**- requires context, code, contact (poetic function)