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2052 - Lifespan Development > Slides Week 1 > Flashcards

Slides Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of Lifespan Development

A
  • Needs
  • Problems
  • Possibilities that mark individuals’ progress from birth
    to death.
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2
Q

Chronological Age

A
  • Important to understand change over Lifespan
  • Central to lifespan developmental psychology
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3
Q

Rules and Expectations About Age Related Behaviours

A
  • Expectations about how people should behave at certain ages
  • According to Culture, Historical periods and Laws
  • Neugarten, 1973
  • Social Clock - Cultural Norms
  • Punishments for Violations
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4
Q

What do Developmentalists Do?

A
  • Study behaviour, cognition and personality based on age of individuals
  • from birth to old age
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5
Q

Three Age Related Changes

A
  1. Universal
    • Biologically based so shared
  2. Group Specific
    • Culturally Based
    • Historically Based
    • Cohort Effects shared by individuals in age group (Baby Boomers)
  3. Individual Differences
    • Unique, unshared genetic and environmental influences
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6
Q

Development is . . .

A
  • Lifelong
  • Multidimensional
  • Multidirectional
  • Plastic - Has capacity for change
  • Contextual
  • Involves Growth, Maintenance and regulation of loss
  • Co-constructed biology, culture and the individual
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7
Q

Three designs to study Age Related Changes

A
  • Cross-sectional Designs
  • Longitudinal Designs
  • Sequential Designs
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8
Q

Cross-Sectional Designs

A
  • Study groups of individuals of different ages eg: 18-24 years or 53 and older
  • Advantages
    • Fast and Inexpensive
    • Can reveal age related change
  • Disadvantages
    • Reveals nothing about individual change over time
    • Each participant is only tested once
    • Cohort Effect - change may be due to another effect apart from age
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9
Q

Longitudinal Designs

A
  • Follows same individuals over a period of time - 7-Up documentary or Grant study of Harvard Men
  • Advantages
    • Demonstrate sequences of change
    • Show individual change or consistency
    • Avoid cohort problem
  • Disadvantages
    • Costly
    • Practice effects
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10
Q

Practice Effects

A
  • Influences on test results when a test is taken more than once
  • Occurs when you take multiple practice SAT exams; practice can increase your overall score.
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11
Q

Sequential Designs

A
  • Combination of Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Desigsn
  • Advantages
    • Describes age differences and age changes
    • Separate effects of age, cohort and time of measurement
    • Indicates whether developmental changes are experienced by all in a cohort
  • Disadvantages
    • Complex
    • Time Consuming
    • Expensive
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12
Q

Six Methods to Collect Data when studying Age Related Change

A
  • Case studies.
  • Interviews.
  • Observational studies.
  • Psychological tests.
  • Surveys.
  • Physiological measures.
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13
Q

Case Study

A
  • Detailed description of individuals being studied or treated
  • Used to formulate broader research hypotheses
  • Commonly used by clinicians, occasionally by researchers

eg: 7-Up or Psychoanalysis

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14
Q

Interviews

A
  • Detailed descriptions of behaviour from a group of individuals
  • Commonly used by qualitative researchers

eg: 7-Up, Piaget’s cognitive developent, Kohlberg’s moral development

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15
Q

Observational Studies

A
  • Researchers carefully and systematically observe and record behaviour without interfreing with behaviour
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Laboratory observation
    • eg: Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiments, Harlow’s Rhesus Monkeys
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16
Q

Psychological Tests

A
  • Measure & evaluate
    • Personality traits
    • Aptitude
    • Interests
    • Abilities
    • Values
  • Types of Psychological tests
    • Objective - NEO-Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae 1992)
    • Projective Personality Tests - Rorschach Inkblots
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17
Q

Surveys

A
  • Battery of questionairres
  • Useful when information needed from a large number of people
  • Can be conducted in person, on-line or over the telephone
  • Disadvantages
    • Volunteer Bias
    • Socially Desirable Responding
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18
Q

Physiological Measures

A
  • Increasingly being used to assess development at different points of the lifespan
  • Examples
    • Blood Tests
    • Skin Conductance
    • Neuroimaging
    • Electromagnetic waves used to consturct images of brain and biochemical activity
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19
Q

Human Developmental Theories

A
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive
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20
Q

Psychoanalytic Theorists

A
  • Sigmund Freud
  • Erik Erikson
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21
Q

Behavioural Theorists

A
  • Pavlov
  • Watson
  • Skinner
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22
Q

Cognitive Theorists

A
  • Piaget
  • Vygotsky
  • Kohlberg
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23
Q

Freud’s Developmental Stages

A
  • Oral stage - Birth to 1 Year
  • Anal stage - 1 Year to 3 Years
  • Phallic stage - 4 Years to 6 Years
  • Latency stage - 6 Years to 12 Years
  • Genital stage - Puberty onwards
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24
Q

Erickson’s Stages of Developent

A
  • Trust vs mistrust - birth to age 1
  • Autonomy vs doubt - age 1 to 3
  • Initiative vs guilt - age 3 to 5
  • Industry vs inferiority - age 6 to 12
  • Identity vs confusion - adolescence
  • Intimacy vs isolation - Early adulthood
  • Generativity vs stagnation - Middle adulthood
  • Integrity vs despair - Late adulthood
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25
Piaget's Stages of Intellectual Development
* Sensorimotor - Birth - age 2 * Pre-operational - age 2-7 * Concrete operational - age 7-11 * Formal operational - age 12 onwards
26
Vygotsky's Stages of Social Develpment
* Imitative Learning * Internalisation of Learning * Collaborative Learning with Peers
27
Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development
* Preconventional Morality * Conventional Morality * Postconventional Morality
28
Seven Paradoxes of Human Development
* Developmental v. Non developmental. * Continuity v. Discontinuity. * Biological (Nature) v. Environmental (Nurture). * Activity v. Passivity. * Cognitive v. Affective. * Macroscopic v. Microscopic. * General v. Particular.
29
Four Primary Groups of Psychological Theories
* Psychodynamic * Freud, Erickson * Behaviourist * Skinner, Bandura * Cognitive * Piaget, Kohlberg * Biological * Chomsky, Bowlby
30
Sigmund Freud
* Viewed newborns as driven by instincts, biological forces and unconscious motives * Divisions of the mind * Unconscious
31
Freud - Divisions of the Mind
* **Id :** impulsive, irrational, selfish * **Ego :** Rational side of personality that try to find realistic ways of satisfying instincts, emerges in first 2 years * **Superego :** Moral values of parents, develops between 3 to 6 yrs, Purpose: finding socially/ethically acceptable outlets for id’s undesirable impulses.
32
Freud Unconscious
* **Defense mechanisms:** Repression, Denial, Projection, Reaction Formation, Regression, Sublimation * **Dreams:** Expression of repressed desires or wishes
33
Freud's Stages of Psychosocial Development
34
Erik Erikson - 1902- 1994
* Psychosocial theory * Development occurs through resolution of eight crises * Crises are prompted by biological issue, but resolved socially * Eight stages of the lifespan * Placed more emphasis on development after adolescence * On contrast to Freud who emphasized personality developed within first five years
35
Erik Erikson Stages of Psychosocial Development
36
Erikson Psychosocial Theory
* Development occurs through resolution of eight crises * Crises are biological in nature but are resolved through social interactions * The eight crises are spread throughout a lifespan * Places emphasis on stages of life beyond adolescence * Contrasts Freud who says personality is developed within the first five years
37
Erikson's Stages of Developmental Theory
38
Evaluation of Psychodynamic Theory
* Strengths * Emphasised uniqueness of individuals * Qualitative stage transitions underlying development * Inspired research on social and emotional development * Introduced the notion of the unconscious mind * Limitations * Too much emphasis on sexual underpinnings by Freud * Limited methods used (case studies) * Ideas too vague to be tested empirically ie: psychosexual stages, ego functioning
39
Behaviourist Theories
* Ivan Pavlov: 1849 - 1936 * John Watson: 1878 - 1958 * B.F. Skinner: 1904 - 1990 * Albert Bandura: 1925 - current
40
Behaviourism Primary Constructs
* Classical Conditioning - Associations * Operant Conditioning - Reinforcement * Observational Learning * Self Efficacy - Learn through self beleif and confidence
41
Describe Behaviourist Theories
* Do not view development as going through universal stages * Development occurs gradually through lifelong learning * Focuses on mechanisms of learning not on describing the "normal" course of development * Learning Theories are precise and testable * BUT places too little importance on the role of genetics and maturational processes.
42
Cognitive Theories
* Development through thinking * Jean Piaget: 1896 - 1980 * Lev Vygotsky: 1896 - 1934 * Lawrence Kohlberg: 1927 - 1987
43
Jean Piaget - 1986-1980
* Cognitive development proceeds through a series of distinct stages . * Stages experienced in the same order and at the same age * Abilities in each new stage building on abilities from previous stages. * Movement through the stages is prompted by: * Need to make sense of experiences. * Desire to construct more advanced understandings of the world.
44
Lev Vygotsky - Cognitive Development
* Cognitive development is as a result of social interactions * Not a result of then physical world * Learning is acquired in 3 ways 1. Imitation - Watching Others 2. Internalisation - Of Learning 3. Collaboration - With Peers * Emphasis on socio-cultural environment as driving cognitive development
45
Lev Vygotsky - Language Development
* Language is foundation for development of higher human thought * Language comes BEFORE cognition. * Individuals learn to **converse** with words (social) **before** they begin to **think** with **words** (private). * Cognitive development is influenced by the language of a child’s culture.
46
Lawrence Kohlberg
* Theory of moral development * Children’s understandings of morality based upon more advanced understandings of social justice * Advancements occur in stages dependent upon cognitive development.
47
Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development
48
Biological Theories
* Development through physiological processes * John Bowlby * Adaptive value of behaviour for members of a species over generations * Natural selection favours behaviours that enhance reproductive success
49
Bowlby's Attachment Theory
* How do relationships with primary caregivers affect subsequent behaviours * Biologically predisposed to form relationships with other humans to ensure our survival. * Those early relationships establish a mental model of relationships that guides subsequent behaviour
50
Contemporary Lifespan Theories
Focus on the adult years
51
Daniel Levinson 1920-1994
* Development during adulthood. * Adult period consists of regular alternation between periods of: * Stable functioning (Life Structures). * Developmental upheaval (the Transitions). * Life goals and activities are re evaluated during the transitions.
52
Paul Baltes 1939 -
* Lifespan development balances growth (or gains) and decline (or loss). * Losses predominate over gains in latter half of lifespan. * Development continues through THREE processes ( * Selection * Optimisation * Compensation.
53
Paul Baltes - SOC
* Older adults maximise the positive and minimise the negative through: * Selecting - Particular Abilities * Optimising - Abilities through practice and new techniques * Compensating - For losses of other abilities by finding other ways to accomplish tasks
54
Compare and Contrast Theorists
55
Erikson's Theory Concept
Development through crises prompted by biological events but resolved socially
56
Daniel Levinson's Theory Concept
Adult development as series of stages of stable functioning interrupted by developmental upheaval.
57
Albert Bandura's Theory Concept
58
Freud's Theory Concepts
* Unconscious & Subconscious * ID, Ego & Superego * Development of sexual identity through identification with same-sex parent.
59
Jean Piaget's Theory concepts
* Children move through four different stages of mental development. * Egocentrism marks cognition in early childhood.
60
Paul Baltes' Theory Concepts
* people develop at all points during their lives, not just in childhood and adolescence * 3 fundamental processes of developmental regulation are essential for successful development and aging * Selection * Optimisation * Compensation

2052 - Lifespan Development (15 decks)

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