Slideshow 11

Question 1

what does RNA stand for

Answer 1

Riblonucleic Acid

Question 2

mRNA

Answer 2

messenger RNA

Question 3

what do mRNAs do
and how are they made

Answer 3

intermediary between protein-coding DNA and the polypeptide product
Produced if a gene codes for a protein. the transcroption of that gene produces an mRNA

Question 4

what are the 2 types of RNA

Answer 4

messenger and functional

Question 5

4 main types of functional RNAs

Answer 5

Transfer, ribosomal, small nuclear, micro

Question 6

Gene Expression is what

Answer 6

the production of a functional biomolecule, either protein or functional RNA from the information contained in a DNA sequence

Question 7

Coding strand def

Answer 7

identical polarity and dequence to the RNA product

Question 8

Template strand

Answer 8

the strand of DNA that is actually read by the RNA polymerase to produce the RNA product

Question 9

Upstream and downstrem are relative to what

Answer 9

the point of interest and coding strand

Question 10

upstream is which way

Answer 10

to the 5’ . thats the opposition direction of transcription

Question 11

downstream is which way

Answer 11

to the 3’ . thats the same direction of transcription

Question 12

In prokaryotes there is very little what in the DNA?
intergenic or intragenic

Answer 12

intergenic

Question 13

in prokaryotes are there lots of genes or lots of space

Answer 13

lots of genes

Question 14

initiation of transcription in prokaryotes is what

Answer 14

The -35 and -10 promoter

Question 15

promoter def

Answer 15

a signal telling where a gene begins

Question 16

DNA to RNA has what 3 steps

Answer 16

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Question 17

Where is the O- factor

Answer 17

in prokaryotes

Question 18

what is the O- factor

Answer 18

a temporary protein component of the holoenzyme RNA polymerase

Question 19

O- factor roles

Answer 19

find and bind the promoter -35 and -10 sites
open the trandscription bubble

Question 20

elongation is what

Answer 20

when its building info

Question 21

what happens in elongation of prokaryotes

Answer 21

the transcription bubble travels with the RNA polymerase

Question 22

Termination is prokaryotes

Answer 22

is by the intrinsic mechanism

Question 23

what the hairpin loop rich of

Answer 23

C and G

Question 24

what is the hairpin loop

Answer 24

a secondary RNA structure

Question 25

what happens after the hairpin loop scares RNA polymerase

Answer 25

the RNA protein stalls, mRNA unwinds at weak points A U pairs and is released

Question 26

In prokaryotic cells, transcripition and translation of protein-coding genes occurs when

Answer 26

simultaneously (no nucleus)

Question 27

in eukaryotic celss, transcription and translation of protein coding genes occurs when

Answer 27

not simultaneously (thanks to the nucleus)

Question 28

what is the promoter in Eukaryotic cells

Answer 28

The TATA box

Question 29

what does TF stand for

Answer 29

transcription factor

Question 30

What is TBP

Answer 30

the first TF that recruits the other ones in Eukaryotes called the TATA box binding protein

Question 31

what are general TFs used for

Answer 31

to initiate transcription of all genes

Question 32

exon vs intron again

Answer 32

exons code for amino acids, introns are between exons

Question 33

what is the UTR

Answer 33

the untranslated region. it is transcriped but not translated

Question 34

what are Inrons an innovation of

Answer 34

Eukaryotics

Question 35

genes can transcribe into what 2 things

Answer 35

either functional RNAs or mRNAs

Question 36

if a gene transcribes into an mRNA then what happens

Answer 36

it gets translated into a protein

Question 37

if a gene transcribes into a functional RNA then what happens

Answer 37

nothing

Question 38

do Eukaryotic protein coding genes have variation?

Answer 38

yes, variation in both length and intron numbers

Question 39

What is RNA processing

Answer 39

(maturation) is a step in eukaryotic protein coding gene expression

Question 40

list the steps of protein coding gene expression

Answer 40

DNA > Transcription > Pre-mRNA > RNA processing > Mature RNA > exported and translated in cytoplasm > polypeptide/protein

Question 41

what is a polypeptide

Answer 41

ala or pro or his or ala or val

Question 42

what is a protein

Answer 42

the properly folded polypeptide

Question 43

RNA processing includes modification to what

Answer 43

both ends of the mRNA molecule

Question 44

5' inverted guanine cap def

Answer 44

only 5 to 5 connection found in nucleic acids: prevents degradion of transcript by exonucleases. (backwards G)

Question 45

3' poly- A tail def

Answer 45

subject to degradation by exonucleases, but provide a buffer against immediate loss of mRNA

Question 46

what is the function of 5' inverted guanine cap and 3' poly A tail

Answer 46

to temporarily preserve mRNA sequence in the cytoplasm

Question 47

what is the 3rd step

Answer 47

splicing

Question 48

splicing def

Answer 48

consists of removal of introns and joining of exons

Question 49

snRNA def

Answer 49

small nuclear RNAs

Question 50

snRNP def

Answer 50

snurp. the small nuclear ribonuclei proteins. its a combination of snRNAs and proteins

Question 51

spliceosome def

Answer 51

multiple snRNPs . it finds the borders btw exon and introns. another finds the branch point

Question 52

splicing steps

Answer 52

snRNA forms base pairs w 5' end of intron, and at brand site. then snRNPs form splicesome, then 5' end is removed and forms bond at brance site, forming a lariat, then exons are joined and splicesome dissasembles

Question 53

what does alternative splicing facilitate

Answer 53

the production of many distinct proteins from one gene

Question 54

so what is alternate slicing

Answer 54

making many distinct proteins from one protein coding gene

Question 55

what are different types of proteins

Answer 55

called isoforms

Question 56

Isoforms def

Answer 56

different types of proteins