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Endo > SM_171b: Introduction to the Endocrine System and Physiology / Pathophysiology > Flashcards

SM_171b: Introduction to the Endocrine System and Physiology / Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine glands are ____ and ____

A

Exocrine glands are ducts and lumen / surfaces

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2
Q

Endocrine glands are ____ and ____

A

Endocrine glands are chemical messengers and blood stream

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3
Q

Endocrine action is ____

A

Endocrine action is the hormone is distributed in the blood and binds to distant target cells

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4
Q

Paracrine action is ____

A

Paracrine action is when the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood

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5
Q

Autocrine action is ____

A

Autocrine action is when the hormone acts on the same cells that produced it

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6
Q

Most hormones are controlled by ____

A

Most hormones are controlled by negative feedback

  • Hormones are released in response to stimuli
  • Travel through the circulatory system to reach target cells with specific receptors
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7
Q

Three chemical classes of hormones are ____, ____, and ____

A

Three chemical classes of hormones are polypeptides, steroids, and amines

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8
Q

Peptide / protein hormones ____ in size, are often produced as ____, and are ____ soluble

A

Peptide / protein hormones vary in size, are often produced as inactive precursors that are proteolytically cleaved to the active form, and are water soluble

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9
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from ____ and are ____ soluble

A

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and are lipid soluble

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10
Q

Describe the types of steroid hormones

A

Types of steorid hormones

  • Glucocorticoids: cortisol
  • Mineralocorticoids: aldosterone
  • Androgens: testosterone
  • Estrogens: estradiol, estrone
  • Progestogens: progesterone
  • Sterols: Vitamin D
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11
Q

The two groups of hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine are ____ and ____

A

The two groups of hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine are thyroid hormones and catecholamines

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12
Q

____ occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system

A

Negative feedback occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system

(thermostat)

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13
Q

Describe the interplay between insulin and glucagon

A

Ibterplay between insulin and glucagon

  1. Increased glucose
  2. Insulin release from beta cells
  3. Fat / muscle glucose uptake (effectors)
  4. Decreased glucose
  5. Glucagon release from alpha cells
  6. Liver gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
  7. Cycle continues
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14
Q

Describe the hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ system

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ system

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15
Q

____ occurs when the output of a system acts to enhance the changes to the input of the system

A

Positive feedback loop occurs when the output of a system acts to enhance the changes to the input of the system

  • Contraction in childbirth -> oxytocin released -> further contractions -> contractions increase in amplitude and frequency
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16
Q

Stress leads to a positive feedback loop in the HPA axis via ____

A

Stress leads to a positive feedback loop in the HPA axis via increased action of ACTH from the pituitary on the adrenal glands

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17
Q

____ is an example of a hormone excess syndrome

A

Benign adenoma producing excess hormones is an example of a hormone excess syndrome

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18
Q

Surgical removal of a gland, autoimmune destruction of a gland, congenital defects of glandular development, and congenital mutations of genes for hormones or enzymes involved in hormone synthesis can prompt a _____ syndrome

A

Surgical removal of a gland, autoimmune destruction of a gland, congenital defects of glandular development, and congenital mutations of genes for hormones or enzymes involved in hormone synthesis can prompt a hormone deficiency syndrome

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19
Q

____ is connected to the hypothalamus by hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels

A

Anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels

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20
Q

Anterior pituitary produces 6 peptide hormones: ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Anterior pituitary produces 6 peptide hormones:

  • Prolactin
  • Growth hormone
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
  • Luteinizing hormone
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21
Q

Describe syndromes due to oversecretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

A

Syndromes due to oversecretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

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22
Q

Describe results of hypopituitarism

A

Hypopituitarism

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23
Q

Describe the anatomy of the neurohypophysis

A

Anatomy of the neurohypophysis

  • Magnocellular neurons originate in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and project through the stalk and diaphragma sella
  • Regulated by neurons from osmoreceptors, baroreceptors, and emetic center
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24
Q

Neurohypophysis produces ____ and ____

A

Neurohypophysis produces ADH and oxytocin

  • ADH also called vasopressin (AVP)
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25
\_\_\_\_ and ____ are diseases of the posterior pituitary
Diabetes insipidus and increased vasopressin secretion are diseases of the posterior pituitary
26
Diabetes insipidus involves _____ from the \_\_\_\_\_
Diabetes insipidus involves decreased vasopressin release from the posterior pituitary * Causes failure of kidney to reabsorb water -\> failure to concentrate urine -\> increased urine volume and thirst
27
\_\_\_\_ secretion from the ____ can increase kidney water retention, resulting in excessive dilution of blood solutes (hyponatremia) and water intoxication
Increased vasopressin secretion from the posterior pituitary can increase kidney water retention, resulting in excessive dilution of blood solutes (hyponatremia) and water intoxication
28
Adrenal glands involve two exocrine glands: ____ and \_\_\_\_
Adrenal glands involve two exocrine glands: adrenal cortex (outer) and adrenal medulla (inner)
29
Adrenal cortex secretes ____ including \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_
Adrenal cortex secretes lipid-based steroid hormones (corticosteroids) including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens * Mineralocorticoids: aldosterone * Glucocorticoids: cortisol * Androgens: androstenedione, dehydroepidandrosterone
30
Adrenal meulla secretes ____ and \_\_\_\_
Adrenal meulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
31
Describe aldosterone
Aldosterone * Mineralocorticoid * Secreted by adrenal cortex in response to decreased blood volume or BP (terminal hormone in RAAS system) * Prompts distal and collecting tubules in kidney to reabsorb more Na -\> water passively follows -\> blood volume increases
32
Describe cortisol
Cortisol * Glucocorticoid * Stress response: physical, psychological, physiological * Regulates or supports important homeostatic functions including water balance * Keeps blood glucose levels high enough to support brain activity * Catabolic: breaks down protein * Redirects circulating lymphocytes to lymphoid and peripheral tissues where pathogens usually are * Depresses immune system and inflammatory response
33
Primary adrenal insufficiency is \_\_\_\_
Primary adrenal insufficiency is Addison's disease * Atrophy or hypocortisolism
34
Primary adrenal hypercortisolism is \_\_\_\_\_
Primary adrenal hypercortisolism is Cushing's syndrome (adenoma, carcinoma)
35
\_\_\_\_ results from mutations in enzymes for cortisol synthesis
Congenital hyperplasia results from mutations in enzymes for cortisol synthesis
36
Thyroid gland produces ____ and \_\_\_\_
Thyroid gland produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin
37
\_\_\_\_ is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland that regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Calcitonin is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland that regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
38
Thyroid is composed of \_\_\_\_
Thyroid is composed of spherical follicles * Follicle cells: produce thyroglobulin (precursor of thyroxine) * Colloid lumen contains thyroglobulin * Parafollicular C cells produce calcitonin
39
The two thyroid hormones are ____ and ____ and are derived from modification of \_\_\_\_
The two thyroid hormones are tetraiodothyronine (T4, thyroxine) and triidothyronine (T3) and are derived from modification of tyrosine
40
Thyroid hormone ____ and \_\_\_\_
Thyroid hormone increases basal metabolic rate and affects many target cells throughout the body * Basal metabolic rate: rate at which body uses oxygen to transform nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) into energy * Protein synthesis, bone growth, neuronal maturation, cell differentiation
41
42
Describe calcitonin
Calcitonin * Secreted from thyroid parafollicular C cells when blood Ca levels are high * Lowers Ca by slowing Ca-releasing activity of osteoclasts in bone and increasing Ca excretion by kidney * Acts mostly during childhood * Producd in excess by medullary cancer which is a rare thyroid cancer
43
Hyperthyroidism is ____ and \_\_\_\_
Hyperthyroidism is elevated T4 and T3 levels * Suppressed TSH level * Hypermetabolism * Due to thyroid stimulating IgG
44
Hypothyroidism is ____ and \_\_\_\_
Hypothyroidism is decreased T4 and T3 levels * Increased TSH level * Hypometabolism * Usually autoimmune
45
\_\_\_\_ are an enlarged thyroid
Goiters are an enlarged thyroid * Diffuse * Nodular * Cancer
46
Endemic goiter results from ____ deficiency
Endemic goiter results from iodine deficiency
47
Parathyroid glands regulate ____ and secrete \_\_\_\_
Parathyroid glands regulate blood Ca levels and secrete parathyroid hormone * Embedded or behind in thyroid gland
48
\_\_\_ cells in parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone
Chief cells in parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone
49
Parathyroid hormone functions to \_\_\_\_
Parathyroid hormone functions to increase blood Ca concentration * Stimulates osteoclasts to release more Ca from bone * Decreases excretion of Ca by kidney * Activates Vitamin D, which stimulates uptake of Ca from the intestine
50
Hyperparathyroidism is when \_\_\_\_
Hyperparathyroidism is when excess PTH from a single adenoma or 4-gland hyperplasia causes hypercalcemia
51
Hypoparathyroidism causes \_\_\_\_
Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcemia * Usually due to inadvertent removal during thyroidectomy, can also be congenital embryopathic or autoimmune
52
Parathyroid hormone activates _____ to \_\_\_\_\_
Parathyroid hormone activates 25-OH-D to 1,25(OH)2D3 (calcitriol)
53
Describe effects of Vitamin D
Vitamin D effects * Gut: increases Ca absorption * Bone: increases Ca mobilization via increased osteoclast number and activity * Parathyroid: decreases PTH gene transcription and PTH secretion
54
\_\_\_\_ stimulate bone formation, while ____ stimulate bone resorption
Osteoblasts stimulate bone formation, while osteoclasts stimulate bone resorption * Osteoporosis is when activity of osteoclasts outstrips osteoblasts
55
Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ and secretes \_\_\_\_\_
Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ and secretes adipocytokines
56
Normal basal glucose regulation involves the \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_
Normal basal glucose regulation involves the liver, pancreas, fat, muscle, and brain
57
Alpha cells secrete \_\_\_\_
Alpha cells secrete glucagon * Raises blood glucose, mostly in periphery
58
Beta cells secrete \_\_\_\_
Beta cells secrete insulin * Lowers blood glucose, mostly central
59
Delta cells secrete \_\_\_\_
Delta cells secrete somatostatin * Inhibits glucagon and insulin
60
Describe the etiologic classification of diabetes
Diabetes etiologic classification * Type 1: beta-cell destruction with lack of insulin * Type 2: insulin resistance with insulin deficiency * Other specific types * Gestational: first diagnosed during pregnan
61
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes involves ____ and \_\_\_\_
Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes involves insulin resistance and diminished insulin secretion
62
\_\_\_\_ may result from excess insulin / nutrient intake during the treatment of diabetes
Hypoglycemia may result from excess insulin / nutrient intake during the treatment of diabetes * Rare tumors of pancreas (insulinomas) can cause hypoglycemia
63
Pheochromocytoma may secrete ____ including ____ and ____ which cause hypertension
Pheochromocytoma may secrete catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine which cause hypertension

Endo (25 decks)

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