SM_222a: Organization of the Upper Limb

Question 1

Joint complex consists of _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____

Answer 1

Joint complex consists of bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and nerves

Question 2

Limbs are outgrowths of the body well, innervated by ______ of spinal nerves through ______

Answer 2

Limbs are outgrowths of the body well, innervated by ventral rami of spinal nerves through nerve plexi

Question 3

Muscles within compartments share ______, ______, ______, and ______

Answer 3

Muscles within compartments share embryological origins, nerve and blood supply, attachment points, and function

(compartments separated by deep fascia)

Question 4

Muscles of the upper limb are innervated by branches of the _____, a network of anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves _____

Answer 4

Muscles of the upper limb are innervated by branches of the brachial plexus, a network of anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

Question 5

Type and range of motion at any synovial joint is mainly determined by the shape of the _____

Answer 5

Type and range of motion at any synovial joint is mainly determined by the shape of the articulation

Question 6

Describe the different types of joints

Answer 6

Types of joints

• Ball and socket joints (shoulder, hip): permit movement on several axes (most mobile)
• Condylar joints (knee): permit motion in one major and one minor direction
• Hinge joints (elbow, upper ankle): permit motion in one direction

Question 7

Ball and socket joints permit motion _____ and include _____ and _____

Answer 7

Ball and socket joints permit motion on several axes and include shoulder and hip

(most mobile)

Question 8

Condylar joints permit motion _____ and include the _____

Answer 8

Condylar joints permit motion in one major and one minor direction and include the knee

Question 9

Hinge joints permit motion _____ and include the _____ and _____

Answer 9

Hinge joints permit motion in one direction and include the elbow and upper ankle

Question 10

Ligaments are _____ that connect _____ to _____

Answer 10

Ligaments are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones

Question 11

Ligaments prevent damage to joints by _____ and _____

Answer 11

Ligaments prevent damage to joints by limiting the range of movement in the normal direction of motion and preventing movements in unwanted directions

Question 12

Damage to a ligament is called a _____, which is graded based on _____ and _____

Answer 12

Damage to a ligament is called a sprain, which is graded based on the degree of tear and resulting joint instability

Question 13

Role of muscles is _____

Answer 13

Role of muscles is to generate the forces necessary to move the body or to stabilize the body against forces

(prevent or limit joint damage)

(muscle facts include name, attachment, action, and nerve supply)

(usually origin is proximal and fixed, while insertion is distal and moves)

Question 14

With regards to muscles, the muscles the _____ performs the action, while the _____ performs the movement opposite

Answer 14

With regards to muscles, the protagonist performs the action, while the antagonist performs the movement opposite

(flexion of the elbow joint: biceps brahcii is protagonist, triceps brachii is the antagonist)

Question 15

Joints in the shoulder are _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____

Answer 15

Joints in the shoulder are sternoclavicular, coracoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumoral, and scapulothoracic (not true joint)

Question 16

Glenohumoral joint is a _____ joint capable of _____, _____, _____, and _____

Answer 16

Glenohumoral joint is a ball and socket joint capable of flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, internal (medial) and external (lateral) rotation, and circumduction

(greatest ROM of any joint, least stable joint, most commonly dislocated)

Question 17

Glenohumoral joint has the greatest _____ of any joint but is the _____ stable and most commonly _____

Answer 17

Glenohumoral joint has the greatest ROM of any joint but is the least stable and most commonly dislocated

Question 18

Acromioclavicular joint is a _____ joint which allows _____ sliding movements between the acromion of the scapula and distal end of the clavicle

Answer 18

Acromioclavicular joint is a synovial joint which allows small sliding movements between the acromion of the scapula and distal end of the clavicle

Question 19

Coracoclavicular joint is a _____ joint, not a _____ joint

Answer 19

Coracoclavicular joint is a fibrous joint, not a synovial joint

Question 20

_____ and _____ joints anchor the scapula to the clavicle and can be disrupted in a separated shoulder

Answer 20

Acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular joints anchor the scapula to the clavicle and can be disrupted in a separated shoulder

Question 21

_____ joint is the joint between the sternum and clavicle

Answer 21

Sternoclavicular joint is the joint between the sternum and clavicle

Question 22

Scapulothoracic joint refers to _____, but is not a true joint

Answer 22

Scapulothoracic joint refers to the fact that the scapula, which is embedded in muscle, must be able to move freely over the posterior thoracic wall in order to facilitate movement of the upper arm, but is not a true joint

Question 23

Scapulothoracic rhythm refers to the fact that _____

Answer 23

Scapulothoracic rhythm refers to the fact that the scapula and humerus move in a 1:2 ratio

(when arm abducted 180 degrees, 60 degrees occurs by rotation of the scapula and 120 degrees by rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint)

Question 24

In the glenohumoral joint, the _____ ligament is strong and prevents upward dislocation of the humerus

Answer 24

In the glenohumoral joint, the coracoacromial ligament is strong and prevents upward dislocation of the humerus

Question 25

Stability of the glenohumoral joint is primarily provided by the \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 25

Stability of the glenohumoral joint is primarily provided by the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles

Question 26

Describes muscles of the shoulder joint by their action

Answer 26

Question 27

Shoulder extensors include \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 27

Shoulder extensors include deltoid, latissimus dorsi, and triceps brachii

Question 28

Shoulder flexors include \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 28

Shoulder flexors include deltoid, pectoralis major, and biceps brachii

Question 29

Shoulder abductors include the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

Shoulder abductors include the deltoid and supraspinatus

Question 30

Shoulder medial/internal rotators include _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 30

Shoulder medial/internal rotators include teres major and subscapularis

Question 31

Shoulder adductors include _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 31

Shoulder adductors include latissimus dorsi and teres major

Question 32

Shoulder lateral/external rotators include _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 32

Shoulder lateral/external rotators include infraspinatus and teres minor

Question 33

Muscles of the rotator cuff strengthen the _____ joint and include \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 33

Muscles of the rotator cuff strengthen the glenohumoral joint and include supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis (SITS)

Question 34

Arm is divded into the _____ and _____ compartments

Answer 34

Arm is divided into the anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments

Question 35

Describe muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the arm

Answer 35

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the arm * Muscles: biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis * Muscle actions: flexion of shoulder and elbow joint * Nerve: musculocutaneous * Skeletal landmarks: coracoid process, radial tuberosity

Question 36

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the arm include \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 36

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the arm include biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis

Question 37

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the arm function to \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 37

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the arm function to flex the shoulder and elbow joint

Question 38

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the arm are innervated by the _____ nerve

Answer 38

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the arm are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve

Question 39

Skeletal landmarks of muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the arm are the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 39

Skeletal landmarks of muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the arm are the coracoid process and radial tuberosity

Question 40

Describe the muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the arm

Answer 40

Muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the arm * Major muscle: triceps brachii * Muscle actions: extend shoulder and elbow * Nerve: radial * Skeletal landmarks: infraglenoid tubercle, olecranon process of ulna

Question 41

Major muscle of the posterior/extensor compartment of the arm is \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

Major muscle of the posterior/extensor compartment of the arm is triceps brachii

Question 42

Muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the arm function to \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 42

Muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the arm function to extend the shoulder and elbow

Question 43

Muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the arm are innervated by the _____ nerve

Answer 43

Muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the arm are innervated by the radial nerve

Question 44

Skeletal landmarks of the muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the arm are _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 44

Skeletal landmarks of the muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the arm are the infraglenoid tubercle and olecranon process of ulna

Question 45

Forearm is divided into _____ and _____ compartments

Answer 45

Forearm is divided into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments

Question 46

Describe muscles of anterior/flexor compartment of the forearm

Answer 46

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the forearm * Muscles: wrist flexors (flexor carpi radialis), wrist and digital flexors (flexor digitorium superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor policies longus), forearm pronators (pronator teres, pronator quadruatus) * Muscle actions: flex the wrist and/or digits, pronate forearm * Nerve: median nerve (ulnar nerve to flexor digitorium profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris) * Skeletal landmarks: medial epicondyle of the humerus

Question 47

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the forearm function to \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 47

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the forearm function to flex the wrist and/or digits and pronate the forearm

Question 48

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the forearm are innervated by the \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 48

Muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the forearm are innervated by the median nerve (ulnar nerve to flexor digitorium profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris)

Question 49

Skeletal landmark of muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the forearm is \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 49

Skeletal landmark of muscles of the anterior/flexor compartment of the forearm is the medial epicondyle of the humerus

Question 50

Describe muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the forearm

Answer 50

Muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the forearm * Muscles: wrist extensors (extensor carpi radialis), wrist and digit extensors (extensor digitorum, extensor pollicis), thumb abductors (abductor pollicis longus), forearm supinator (supinator) * Muscle actions: extend wrist and/or digits, abduct thumb, supinate forearm * Nerve: radial nerve * Skeletal structures: lateral epicondyle of humerus

Question 51

Muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the forearm function to \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 51

Muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the forearm function to extend the wrist and/or digits, abduct the thumb, and supinate the forearm

Question 52

Muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the forearm are innervated by the _____ nerve

Answer 52

Muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the forearm are innervated by the radial nerve

Question 53

Skeletal structure of muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the forearm is \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 53

Skeletal structure of muscles of the posterior/extensor compartment of the forearm is lateral epicondyle of humerus

Question 54

Arm and forearm are divided into _____ and _____ compartments

Answer 54

Arm and forearm are divided into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments

Question 55

Muscles of the upper limb are innervated by branches of the brachial plexus, a network of _____ rami of spinal nerves \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 55

Muscles of the upper limb are innervated by branches of the brachial plexus, a network of anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

Question 56

Anterior compartment nerves of the upper limb include _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 56

Anterior compartment nerves of the upper limb include musculocutaneous nerve and median/ulnar nerves

Question 57

Musculocutaneous nerve innervates the _____ compartment of the _____ and is responsible for \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 57

Musculocutaneous nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the arm and is responsible for flexion of the shoulder and elbow

Question 58

Median/ulnar nerves innervate the _____ compartment of the _____ and are responsible for _____ and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 58

Median/ulnar nerves innervate the anterior compartment of the forearm/hand and are responsible for flexion of the wrist/fingers and pronation of the elbow

Question 59

Posterior compartment nerves of the upper limb include \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 59

Question 60

Radial nerve innervates the _____ compartments of the _____ and is responsible for \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 60

Radial nerve innervates the posterior compartments of the arm/forearm and is responsible for extension of the shoulder/elbow/wrist/fingers

Question 61

Describe the compartments, muscles, and nerves of the upper limb

Answer 61

Compartments, muscles, and nerves of the upper limb

Question 62

Sensation in areas of _____ will be altered in peripheral nerve damage

Answer 62

Sensation in areas of cutaneous innervation will be altered in peripheral nerve damage

Question 63

Describe the actions controlled by each peripheral nerve

Answer 63

Actions controlled by each peripheral nerve

Question 64

Describe the relationship between compartment, nerve, and function

Answer 64

Relationship between compartment, nerve, and function