SM_238a: Functional Anatomy of the Lower Limb / Gait

Question 1

Describe the 7 periods of the gait cycle

Answer 1

7 periods of the gait cycle

• Loading response: 0-10%
• Mid stance: 10-30%
• Terminal stance: 30-50%
• Pre-swing: 50-60%
• Initial swing: 60-73%
• Mid swing: 73-87%
• Terminal swing: 87-100%

Question 2

List the 7 periods of gait cycle in order

Answer 2

7 periods of gait cycle

1. Loading response: 0-10%
2. Mid stance: 10-30%
3. Terminal stance: 30-50%
4. Pre-swing: 50-60%
5. Initial swing: 60-73%
6. Mid swing: 73-87%
7. Terminal swing: 87-100%

Question 3

Stride length is ____

Answer 3

Stride length is distance between two successive heel contacts of the same foot

(1 stride length = 1 gait cycle)

Question 4

Step length is ____

Answer 4

Step length is distance between heel contacts of each foot

Question 5

Step width is ____

Answer 5

Step width is distance between heel centers of two consecutive heel contacts

Question 6

Toe out angle is ____

Answer 6

Toe out angle is angle between line of progression of the body and long axis of the foot

Question 7

Strategies to increase walking speed are _____ and _____

Answer 7

Strategies to increase walking speed are increasing stride length and increasing cadence

Question 8

In elderly, gait speed is ____, step length is ____, and cadence is ____

Answer 8

In elderly, gait speed is reduced, step length is shorter, and cadence is slower

(more stability, less likely to fall)

Question 9

Periods of double limb support _____ during running and both feet are _____

Answer 9

Periods of double limb support disappear during running and both feet are off the ground simultaneously

Question 10

Anterior compartment of the thigh contains the _____, _____, and _____ muscles

Answer 10

Anterior compartment of the thigh contains the iliopsoas (iliacus, psoas major), sartorius, and quadriceps (rectus femorus, vastus lateralis / medialis / intermedius) muscles

Question 11

Anterior compartment of the thigh functions to ____ and ____ and is innervated by the ____

Answer 11

Anterior compartment of the thigh functions to flex hip and extend knee and is innvervated by the femoral nerve

Question 12

Medial/adductor compartment of the thigh contains the ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____ muscles

Answer 12

Medial/adductor compartment of the thigh contains the gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus muscles

Question 13

Medial/adductor compartment of the thigh functions to ____, ____, and ____ and is innervated by the ____

Answer 13

Medial/adductor compartment of the thigh functions to adduct hip, flex hip, and medially rotate hip and is innervated by the obturator nerve

Question 14

Posterior/hamstring compartment of the thigh contains the ____, ____, and ____ muscles

Answer 14

Posterior/hamstring compartment of the thigh contains the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris (long head, short head) muscles

Question 15

Posterior/hamstring compartment of the thigh functions to ____ and ____ and is innervated by the ____

Answer 15

Posterior/hamstring compartment of the thigh functions to extend hip and flex knee and is innervated by the sciatic nerve

Question 16

Gluteal region contains the ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____ muscles

Answer 16

Gluteal region contains the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, and 6 lateral rotator muscles

Question 17

Gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae insert into the ____

Answer 17

Gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae insert into the iliotibial band

Question 18

Gluteal region functions to ____, ____, and ____ and is innervated by the ____

Answer 18

Gluteal region functions to extend hip, abduct hip, and laterally rotate hip and is innervated by the superior and inferior gluteal nerves

Question 19

Anterior crural muscles include ____, ____, ____, and ____

Answer 19

Anterior crural muscles include tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis (peroneus) tertius

Question 20

Anterior crural muscles function to ____, ____, and ____ and are innervated by the ____

Answer 20

Anterior crural muscles function to dorsiflex ankle, invert/evert ankle, and extend toes and are innervated by the deep fibular nerve

Question 21

Lateral crural muscles include ____ and ____

Answer 21

Lateral crural muscles include fibularis (peroneus) longus and fibularis (peroneus) brevis

Question 22

Lateral crural muscles function to ____ and ____ and are innervated by the ____

Answer 22

Lateral crural muscles function to plantarflex ankle and evert ankle and are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve

Question 23

Superficial group of posterior crural muscles includes ____, ____, and ____

Answer 23

Superficial group of posterior crural muscles includes gastrocnemius (medial head, lateral head), soleus, and plantaris

Question 24

Deep group of posterior crural muscles includes ____, ____, ____, and ____

Answer 24

Deep group of posterior crural muscles includes popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior

Question 25

Posterior crural muscles function to \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and ____ and are innervated by the \_\_\_\_

Answer 25

Posterior crural muscles function to plantarflex ankle, invert ankle, and flex toes and are innervated by the tibial nerve

Question 26

Initial contact (0% - heel strike) involves \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_

Answer 26

Initial contact (0% - heel strike) involves quadriceps, hamstrings, and dorsiflexors (hamstrings slow movement down, most muscle activity in gait is eccentric)

Question 27

Loading response (0-10%) involves ____ and \_\_\_\_

Answer 27

Loading response (0-10%) involves quadriceps and gluteals

Question 28

Mid stance (0-30%) involves \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_

Answer 28

Mid stance (0-30%) involves gluteus medius, gastrocnemius, and soleus

Question 29

Terminal stance (30-50%) involves ____ and \_\_\_\_

Answer 29

Terminal stance (30-50%) involves gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 30

Pre-swing (50-60%) involves ____ and \_\_\_\_

Answer 30

Pre-swing (50-60%) involves adductor longus and rectus femoris

Question 31

Initial swing (60-70%) involves \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_

Answer 31

Initial swing (60-70%) involves hip flexors (iliacus), short head of biceps femoris, and ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, hallucis longus)

Question 32

Mid swing (70-85%) involves ____ and \_\_\_\_

Answer 32

Mid swing (70-85%) involves hip flexors and ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior) and ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)

Question 33

Terminal swing (85-100%) involves \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_

Answer 33

Terminal swing (85-100%) involves hip flexors, hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), quadriceps, and ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)

Question 34

Pathological gait occurs due to \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_

Answer 34

Pathological gait occurs due to deformity (joint contractures), muscle weakness, impaired control (CVA, SCI, peripheral nerve injuries), and pain (OA)

Question 35

Foot drop can occur due to ____ and involves \_\_\_\_

Answer 35

Foot drop can occur due to stroke and involves knee/hip flexion to clear the foot

Question 36

Valgus is excessive ____ and involves knee displacement \_\_\_\_

Answer 36

Valgus is excessive abduction and involves knee displacement medially

Question 37

Varus is excessive ____ and involves knee displacement \_\_\_\_

Answer 37

Varus is excessive adduction and involves knee displacement laterally

Question 38

Trendelenburg is \_\_\_\_\_, causing \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 38

Trendelenburg is when the gluteus medius on one side is weak, causing contralateral pelvis drop

Question 39

Knee fusion is \_\_\_\_

Answer 39

Knee fusion is when the knee cannot be flexed to get the leg through