Small Animal Reproduction

Question 1

definition of fertility

Answer 1

the ability to reproduce in a regular and normal manner

Question 2

superfetation definitions

Answer 2

different ages of fetuses.

this only happens in queens. It happens because of being pregnant and going into estrus again

Question 3

superfecundation

Answer 3

more than one sire
happens in dogs
All in the same estrus period

Question 4

When is puberty for large and small breed dogs?

Answer 4

s - 6-10 months

l - 18-24 months

Question 5

effects on age of puberty in dogs

Answer 5

breed, coat length, presence of male or other dogs, synchrony with other dogs, free-roaming, et.

Question 6

What is the normal estrous cycle of a dog and how is basenji different?

Answer 6

basenji - single estrus, seasonal

generally, canids are monestrous but non-seasonal too

Question 7

How long is the dog’s interestrous period?

Answer 7

average of 7-8 months

Question 8

Characteristics of proestrus

Answer 8

follicles showing up, edema, hemorrhagic vaginal discharge (this is when they bleed), see some behaviour
All this for about 9 days

Question 9

Characteristics of estrsu

Answer 9

is follicular and luteal
there is edema of the vulva and it’s flaccid
hemorrhage dies down but there is still behaviour changes
All this for about another week

Question 10

Characteristics of the met-diestrus phases

Answer 10

luteal phase and still some behaviour, but this lasts for 70-80 days. THe vulva goese back to normal but the discharge from the vagina won’t be the nicest

Question 11

How do you tell if the bitch is going through pseudo-pregnancy or not?

Answer 11

the P4 is a little higher mid-diestrus with pseudo-pregnancy.

Question 12

How long does it take for a uterus on a bitch to involute?

Answer 12

90 days post-partum

110-130 after pro-estrus

Question 13

3 stages of the canine ejacualte

Answer 13

preseminal fraction 1
sperm-rich fraction 2 - when tied
prostatic fluid fraction 3 - 2nd stage coitus

Question 14

How many mls are each of the fractions?

Answer 14

1 - 0.5 to 2
2 - 0.5 to 3.5
3 - 2-30 mls

Question 15

How do we know when a bitch is ovulating?

Answer 15

LH surge **
vaginal cytology
P4

Question 16

How long is the LH surge for?

Answer 16

about 24 hours

Question 17

WHen is the optimal time to breed?

Answer 17

4-5 days after the LH surge, which is 2-3 days after ovulation

Question 18

INdications for vaginal cytology

Answer 18

fertile period is over
send to stud
when whelping
when to begin termination of preggo protocol

Question 19

What is the best protocol for termination of pregnancy

Answer 19

PGF2a and bromociptine BID PO for 6-10 days after diestrus

Question 20

Physiology that helps with the vaginal cytology

Answer 20

E2 stimulate growth of epithelium, and vaginal cells are a lot more sensitive to hormonal changes

Question 21

WHat is the tipping point for cells to exfoliate?

Answer 21

20-30 cells deep

Question 22

Which of the epithelial cells are exfoliated, cornified?

Answer 22

all but the basal cells are exfoliated

the cornified cells are just the superficial cells

Question 23

Which cells are non-cornified that can be exfoliated?

Answer 23

parabasal cells
intermediate cells (small and large)

Question 24

What are metestrum cells?

Answer 24

intermediate cells with phago wbcs

Question 25

What are foam cells?

Answer 25

intermediate cells with cyto vacuoles

Question 26

Which methods for vaginal smear are the best?

Answer 26

cotton swab with speculum*** pipette or dropper collection microscope slide collection cotton swab

Question 27

what are the problems in taking the vaginal cytology smear?

Answer 27

need to get cells from the vagina not vestibule. | need to stay away from the clitoral fossa because of keratinized cells there.

Question 28

What are the cell layers

Answer 28

basal parabasal intermediate (small then large) superficial cells

Question 29

Features of the parabasal cell?

Answer 29

large nucleus, dark cytoplasm

Question 30

Features of the intermediate cell

Answer 30

large and small, vesicular nucleus, and round to polygonal. The further into estrus, the larger they are

Question 31

What does the superficial cell look like?

Answer 31

small, pyknotic nucleus to anuclear and poylgonal

Question 32

What is the basis of the SCI and the KPI?

Answer 32

SCI - all superficial cell types | KPI - only anuclear and pyknotic nucleated cells allowed

Question 33

The KPI tells us the optimal time to breed which is

Answer 33

when KPI >= 85%

Question 34

Early proestrus on vaginal cyt looks like

Answer 34

10% KPI, 25-30% SCI

Question 35

Late proestrus or early estrus on vag cytology looks like

Answer 35

100% SCI and 80-90 % KPI

Question 36

What is the cell distribution in early pro-estrus

Answer 36

more IM and more round cells. occl wbc and rbc

Question 37

What is cytology cel distribution in estrsu?>

Answer 37

maximal cornified cells and highly pyknotic | some will have lots of RBCs

Question 38

definition of diestrus from a vaginal cytology point of view

Answer 38

when a decline of 20% or more in superficial cells from one day to the next

Question 39

whats the problem with estimating heat in bitches with vaginal smear

Answer 39

even going serially, the time of maximal cornfication in comparison to the LH surge is variable and from 1-7 days.

Question 40

Based on the LH surge, when should we breed and when will they whelp

Answer 40

a single breeding - 4-6 days after the surge | expect whelping 64-66 days after the LH surge

Question 41

Based on Ovulation, when to breed and when to expect the whelping

Answer 41

2-4 days after ovulation, and 62-64 days after ovulation will whelp

Question 42

Based on oocyte maturation, when to breed and when to expect whelping

Answer 42

2 days on either side of oocyte maturation --> then will whelp 60-62 days later

Question 43

When to breed and epect whelping based on cytological diestrus

Answer 43

breed 2-5 days before and expect pups 56-58 days after that

Question 44

How do we practically use the progesterone test?

Answer 44

once the P4 levels go above 2, we are very close to ovulation, so breed in the next 2,3 days and expect pups in 63

Question 45

What Progesterone tests do we have?

Answer 45

Progresteron RIA | Progesterone ELISA

Question 46

How does P4 relate to the LH surge?

Answer 46

the first rise above 2 ng/ml of P4 is the LH surge.

Question 47

How do we use vaginal cytology and progesterone together?

Answer 47

use vaginal cytology to tell when to start the P4 tests