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Small Animal Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Differentials for white vaginal discharge.

A

Vaginitis, early metoestrus, open pyometra, cystitis

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2
Q

Differentials for red vaginal discharge.

A

Vaginal trauma/ FB, ovarian neoplasm, proestrus, oestrus, persistent ovarian follicle, cystitis, neoplasia, placental separation

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3
Q

Differentials for clear mucoid vaginal discharge.

A

Normal

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4
Q

Differentials for clear watery vaginal discharge.

A

Amniotic/ allantoic fluid

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5
Q

Differentials for greeny black vaginal discharge.

A

Normal parturition, dystocia

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6
Q

Differentials for brown/ red black vaginal discharge.

A

Metritis

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7
Q

Differentials for yellow vaginal discharge.

A

Incontinence

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of vaginitis?

A

Juvenile- pre pubertal vaginitis

Adult- rare

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9
Q

What is juvenile vaginitis and how is it treated?

A

Caused by secondary bacterial contamination and excess vaginal secretion. Usually resolves at 1st season on its own. Don’t use abx.

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10
Q

How is adult vaginitis treated?

A

Occurs rarely. Treat specific cause

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11
Q

What are the differentials for a vaginal mass?

A

Vaginal/ vestibular neoplasia- smooth muscle tumours

Vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse

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12
Q

Why does vaginal hyperplasia occur?

A

Excess response to oestrogen during follicular phase

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13
Q

How is vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse treated?

A

Conservative- keep moist, vulvar sutures.

Sx- excision

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14
Q

What congenital vulval/ vaginal abnormalities can occur?

A

Vulval stenosis, anovulvular cleft, rectovagina fistula, vestibulovaginal stricture/ band

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15
Q

What are the causes of acquired vulval/ vaginal abnormalities?

A

Vulval hypertrophy (juvenile prolonged proestrus or excess oestrogens)
Recessed vulva
Trauma
Neoplasia

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16
Q

When does a pyometra usually occur?

A

Within 8 weeks of oestrus

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17
Q

Open vs Closed Pyometra

A

Open- mucopurulent vaginal discharge, moderately enlarged uterus
Closed- no discharge, grossly enlarged uterus, systemic illness

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18
Q

What are the presenting clinical signs for pyometra?

A

PD/ PU, anorexia, depression

May have vulvar discharge and V+. Collapse and shock.

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pyometra?

A

5-6 oestrus cycles–> cyclic P4 conc–> marked proliferation and incr secretory function of endometrium–> cystic endometrial hyperplasia–> pyometra

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20
Q

What is the tx for pyometra?

A

IVFT- for dehydration and to maintain renal function. Electrolytes and acid/ base correction. BS abx.
Sx- OVH
Medical- salvage of repro capacity may be possible by inducing luteolysis and myometrial contractions to effect uterine drainage (PG). Not recommended- usually requested by O of valuable breeding bitch.

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21
Q

What are the predisposing factors for pyometra?

A

Bacterial infection
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Progesterone
Open cervix

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22
Q

What are the indications of dystocia?

A
  • Foetal fluid passed >2 hr ago
  • Vigorous straining for >20-30mins
  • Intermittent weak straining for >3-4h
  • Green/ red-brown vulval discharge 2-4hr ago
  • Last foetus birthed >2-4hr ago
  • Sick dam
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23
Q

What are the maternal causes of dystocia?

A

Narrow birth canal
Disturbed labour (uterine inertia, spasm, inadequate abdominal effort).
Uterine abnormalities (torsion, rupture, malformation, adhesions)
Prolonged pregnancy/ parturition
Premature birth
Psychogenic status

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24
Q

What are the foetal causes of dystocia?

A

Foetal size
Disposition- abnormal presentation/ posture/ position
Abnormal development- hydrocephalus/ death

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25
How should dystocia be treated?
Exercise dam. Feather vaginal roof. Oxytoxin- small dose q 40mins. Treat hypoglycaemia/ hypocalcaemia. C/S
26
What are the reproductive causes for abdominal distension in the female?
Pyometra Retained foetus Hydrometra/ mucometra Ovarian/ uterine neoplasm
27
Which reproductive conditions of the female can cause systemic signs?
Pyometra | Uterine torsion/ rupture
28
What are the locations for a cryptorchid testicle?
Inguinal Abdominal Prescrotal
29
What is the tx for a cryptorchid testicle and why?
Castration as cryptorchid testicles are more susceptible to neoplasia and when it does occur they are more likely to be malignant
30
What are the causes for testicles of different sizes?
Neoplasia Orchitis/ Epididymitis Testicular torsion
31
What are the 3 types of testicular neoplasia?
Seminoma Leydig cell tumour Sertoli cell tumour
32
What are the main features of a sertoli cell tumour?
Secretes oestrogen, can cause feminisation. Firm, lobulated, white/ brown discrete mass. Up to 50% occur in cryptorchid. Cause testicle enlargement Often metastatic (10%) to scortal LN
33
What are the main features of the leydig cell tumour?
Neoplasm of the intestitial cells. Produce testosterone. Usually benign. Don't usually cause enlargement of the testicles Spherical, orange/ tan, greasy/ h+ mass
34
What are the clinical signs of orchitis/ epididymitis?
Epididymal enlargement Testicular pain Scrotal oedema If chronic- small, firm testicles w/ epididymal enlargement
35
What is paraphimosis cf priapism?
Paraphimosis- non erect penis protrudes from prepuce, can't be retracted/ retained in normal position. Priapism- persistent erection (>4hr) not associated w/ sexual excitement
36
What are the causes of paraphimosis?
Narrowed preputial orifice, short prepuce, weak prepucial muscles, enlarged penis
37
What is the tx for paraphimosis?
Sx- widen preputial orifice, penile amputation
38
What are the causes of priapism?
Trauma Perineal abscess Neuro dz
39
What are the causes of a penile mass?
Inflammatory dz Neoplasia- of soft tissue or os penis Urethral prolapse
40
What are the causes of prostatic enlargement?
BPH Neoplasia Prostatic/ paraprostatic cysts Prostatitis/ abscessation
41
What is benign prostatic hypertrophy?
Enlargement of the prostate which occurs in entire males. Testosterone dependent.
42
What are the clinical signs of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
May be asymptomatic. | Dysuria, haematuria, dyschezia, blood in ejaculate, ribbon like stools
43
What is the tx or benign prostatic hypertrophy?
Some don't require tx. | Best method is castration.
44
What are the clinical signs of prostatitis/ prostatic abscessation?
Purulent urethral discharge Systemic illness V+/D+, dysuric, painful, PU/PD
45
How is prostatitis/ prostatic abscessation diagnosed and what is the tx?
Dx- rectal exam, ultrasonography, aspiration (cytology, C+S). Check for testicular involvement Tx- prostatic drainage
46
What is prostatitis/ prostatic abscessation?
Infection of the prostate gland. Common in dog, rare in cat. Usually associated w/ UTI, may arise from haematogenous spread
47
How do prostatic/ paraprostatic cysts present?
May be incidental or result in rectal/ UTO. May be associated w/ urethral discharge. Generally not v sick (cf. prostatic abscess) Aetiology unknown-probably related to secretory activity
48
What is the tx for prostatic/ paraprostatic cysts?
Rarely medical- aspiration | Usually sx- castration, omentalisation/ other drainage procedure. Bx cyst wall.
49
How do you diagnose a prostatic/ paraprostatic cyst?
Aspiration- cytology, C+S.
50
What are the characteristics of prostatic neoplasia?
Rare in dogs and cats. Most common prostatic dz in castrated. Locally invasive and metastasise. Most commonly adenocarcinomas or TCC Prostate not always enlarged, may be irregular in contour.
51
What are the clinical signs of prostatic neoplasia?
Weight loss, pain, hindlimb lameness, dyschezia, dysuria, may get HL oedema.
52
How is prostatic neoplasia diagnosed and treated?
Bx- trucut ultrasound guided or incisional Tx- palliative- urethral stent, cystotomy tube, NSAIDs, etc. Px- hopeless
53
Which anaesthetics should you avoid for a caesarian section?
Avoid alpha-2 agonists, ketamine and theobarbiturates
54
What is the tunica vaginalis?
Layer of mesothelium continuous w/ peritoneum
55
What are the causes of orchitis?
Haematogenous spread e.g.b.abortus Trauma Reflux orchitis- from epididymitis
56
What are the causes of epididymitis?
Ascending infection from the accesssory sex glands. Coliforms, staphs, streps
57
What are the characteristics of feminisation in a male dog?
Occur with sertoli cell tumours. Female distribution of fat, attractive to other males, mammary swelling, pendulous sheath, symmetrical alopecia and thinning of skin, behavioural changes (lack of libido, lethargy, aggression), anaemia due to depression of BM
58
What are the defence mechanisms which prevent infection of the female reproductive tract?
Innate- vaginal epithelium, drainage of secretions, cervical barrier, inflammatory cells Acquired- humoral (oestrogen upregulates lymphocytes), cellular (T-lymphocytes)
59
Cause of infectious abortion in dogs
Canine herpesvirus
60
Cause of infectious abortion in cats
FeLV- resorption and abortion | Feline parvovirus- reproductive failure, cerebellar hypoplasia
61
How is canine herpesvirus transmitted to the fetus?
During or shortly after birth
62
How is canine FeLV transmitted to the fetus?
Haematogenous transmission
63
What are the different stages of the bitch oestrus cycle and how long does each last?
Proestrus 9d Oestrus 9d Dioestrus/ pregnancy 60d Anoestrus 90d+
64
What happens to the hormone levels during anoestrus?
FSH levels increase throughout. LH remains low w/ occasional pulses Oestrogen and Progesterone low.
65
What happens to the hormone levels 1 wk before proestrus?
FSH levels increase. LH- small pulses. | Oestrogen and Progesterone remain low.
66
What happens to the hormone levels during proestrus?
FSH and LH levels low | Oestrogen increases throughout. Reaches a peak 1-3d before LH surge. Progesterone increases.
67
What happens to the hormone levels during dioestrus?
Progesterone peaks and then plateaus. Oestrogen low.
68
What is the pregnancy specific hormone?
Relaxin- detectable 21-24d after LH surge, only pregnancy specific protein, produced by the placenta.
69
What is a pseudopregnancy?
Occurs at the end of dioestrus when progesterone levels are decreasing and PRL levels increasing. About 45d after end of oestrus
70
What are the clinical signs of a pseudopregnancy?
Enlarged mammary glands, lactation, weight gain, behavioural changes.
71
How is a pseudopregnancy treated?
Most don't require tx- will resolve spontaneously w/in 1-3wks. If painful hot and cold compresses may be used on the mammary glands. Megestrol acetate is the only drug currently approved- a progestin. Care as repeated used may --> pyometra.
72
What can be used to control oestrus in the bitch?
OVH Synthetic progestagens- medroxy progesterone acetate- may induce GH secretion leading to acromegaly, mammary tumours and DM; proligesterone- better as minor risk of GH secretion. Testosterone- risk of infertility
73
What are the endocrine events of the queen oestrus cycle?
Oestradiol remains high for follicular phase. Copulation leads to release of LH- may require multiple copulations to produce sufficient LH. P4 stays at baseline until after mating induced LH surge. Then increases incidentally with ovulation, peaks after 30d then decreases in the non-pregnant cat. In the pregnant cat it is maintained at an elevated level for a further 25-28d.
74
How long is the interoestrus interval in the queen?
Unmated- 21d Mated, ovulated but no conceived- 50d (luteal phase= 45d) Pregnant 65d
75
How is oestrus controlled in the cat?
OVH hCG- induces ovulation, delays subsequent calls Progestagens- given as soon as signs of calling to suppress the call, or given during anoestrus to postpone the call, repeat doses can be used for permanent postponement.
76
What are the risk factors for mammary tumours?
``` Age Obese (early in life) Progestagen tx- tumours have P4 Rs Benign mammary tumours Entire ```
77
What proportion of dog mammary tumours are malignant cf cats?
Entire bitch- 50% malignant | Entire queen- 90% malignant
78
What are the ddx for mammary tumours?
``` Mastitis Galactostasis Galactorrhoea Mammary hyperplasia Skin/ subcut tumours ```
79
What is the typical presentation for mastitis?
Postpartum bitches. Gland swollen and painful. Pyrexia, depression, inappetence.
80
What is the typical presentation for galactostasis?
Nursing bitches at peak lactation. Accumulation of milk. Gland hot, swollen and painful but secretions not infected.
81
What is the typical presentation for galactorrhoea?
Pseudopregnant bitches. Spontaneous secretion of milk.
82
What is the typical presentation for mammary hyperplasia?
Young entire queens Mating leads to increased P4 Usually self resolving once P4 falls
83
What diagnostic tests are used for mammary tumours?
Physical exam Haematology and biochemistry- makes sure they are safe to anaesthetise Radiography- chest and abdo to check for mets Ultrasound- check for liver, spleen, LN enlargement FNA- differentiate mastitis from inflamm carcinoma Coagulogram- if suspect inflamm carcinoma Surgical bx- excisional (incisional if inflamm carcinoma)
84
How many mammary glands does the dog and cat have and what is their LN drainage?
Dogs- 5 pairs Cats- 4 pairs LN drainage- caudal 2- inguinal LN, cranial 2 (3 in dog)- axillary LN
85
What are the recommended surgical guidelines for mammary tumours?
2-3cm margins Ligate cr or cd epigastric If extensive dead space then place a drain If margins incomplete need wide re-excision
86
What are the different surgical procedures for mammary tumours?
``` Lumpectomy Simple mastectomy Regional mastectomy Unilateral mastectomy Bilateral mastectomy ```

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