Small Animal Urogenital Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
True/False. In both the male and the female we have the Wolffian ducts and the Mullerian ducts that degenerate.
A
False.
Females have Mullerian ducts and Wolffian ducts that degenerate
Males have the Wolffian ducts and the Mullerian ducts that degenerate.
2
Q
Which of the following do the Mullerian ducts in females make up?
a. Uterine tubes
b. Uterus
c. Vagina
d. All the above
A
d. All the above
3
Q
What does the Wolffian duct consist of in males?
A
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
4
Q
Where do the testes develop in the fetus?
a. Retroperitoneal, just outside the peritoneal space
b. Caudal to the kidneys
c. Into the inguinal canal
d. A and B
e. B and C
A
d. A and B
5
Q
What covers the gubernaculum as the animal grows and stays within the inguinal canal?
A
Vaginal tunic
6
Q
The _____ extends from the tail of the epididymus to the testicle and into the inguinal canal, ending in the scrotum.
A
Gubernaculum
7
Q
As the gubernaculum shrinks, it draws the ___ and __ through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum.
A
Testicle and epididymis
8
Q
True/False. The Deep inguinal ring is made up of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle.
A
False. Its made up of the internal abdominal oblique muscle, inguinal ligament/prepubic tendon, and the rectus abdominis muscle.
9
Q
What makes up the superficial inguinal ring?
A
The aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle
10
Q
The _____ is a narrow elongated opening that allows the vaginal tunic and spermatic cord to pass in the male and vaginal process and round ligament of the uterus to pass in the female.
A
Inguinal Canal
11
Q
What term refers to a retained testicle where there testes haven’t descended in the appropriate time?
A
Cryptorchism
12
Q
True/False. A unilateral cryptorchid dog is more likely to have a retained right testicle than a retained left testicle.
A
True
13
Q
What are the therapy procedures for cryptorchism?
A
Neuter/castration/orchiectomy
14
Q
Where does one look if you cannot find the testis in the dog?
A
Look at the bladder where the ductus deferens enters the trigone and follow that to find the testes.
15
Q
What is the trigone?
A
Triangular region bounded by the ureteric and urethral openings
16
Q
True/False. The medial laminae consists mainly of fibrous tissue and the lateral udder ligaments consist mainly of elastic tissue.
A
False. Medial laminae consists of elastic tissue and the lateral udder ligaments consists mainly of fibrous tissue
17
Q
The ____ is part of the prepuce that is unique to the boar but removed in pot bellied pigs to decrease the foul scent.
A
Preputial diverticulum
18
Q
What are the two basic techniques for castration (orchiectomy) in our domestic animals?
A
Open castration
Closed castration
19
Q
What is the main difference between an open castration and a closed castration?
A
OPEN means that the parietal vaginal tunic has been incised and in CLOSED the parietal vaginal tunic is left intact.
20
Q
What is the disadvantage of an open castration?
A
The vaginal cavity, which is continuous with the abdominal cavity by a way of the vaginal ring, is open to the outside environment and could lead to infection if its not in a sterile area.
21
Q
What is the advantage of an open castration?
A
You are able to vizualize the spermatic cord and vasculature better for ligation in larger animals
22
Q
True/False. Due to the short length of the urethra, females are more prone to urinary tract infections.
A
True
23
Q
Which ligaments contain the round ligaments of the urinary bladder and are remnants of the umbilical arteries?
a. Lateral ligaments of the bladder
b. Median ligaments of the bladder
c. Round ligaments of the bladder
d. All the above
A
a. Lateral ligaments of the bladder
24
Q
What is the elevated crest extending from the neck of the bladder and into the dorsal wall of the pelvic urethra?
A
Urethral crest
25
The ____ is a smooth muscle innervated by the pelvic nerve.
Detrusor muscle
26
What is the name of the hillock on the urethral crest that contains the openings of the deferent ducts on either side?
Colliculus seminalis
27
What erectile tissue surrounds the penile urethra?
The bulb and the corpus spongiosum
28
What are the three components of the vaginal tunic?
Parietal vaginal tunic
Visceral vaginal tunic
Mesorchium: connects mesentery containing vessels and nerves of testis
29
What are the surrounding layers from external to internal of the testes?
Spermatic fascia
Vaginal tunic
Tunica albugenia
30
What collects and houses the sperm produced in the testis and is connected to the testicular capsule?
Epididymis
31
Which artery supplies the testes and is a direct branch from the abdominal aorta?
Testicular arteries
32
What supplies the scrotum and prepuce?
External pudendal artery
33
Which arteries give rise to the external pudendal artery, starting from the external iliac artery?
External iliac a. --> deep femoral a. --> pudendoepigastric a. --> external pudendal a.
34
What is the autonomic innervation of the testes via the pelvic plexus?
```
SNS = hypogastric n.
PSNS = pelvic n.
```
35
The ___ is an example of somatic innervation that provides sensory to the anus, scrotum, and prepuse.
Pudendal nerve
36
Which somatic nerve gives sensory to the spermatic fascia, scrotum, and prepuce?
Genitofemoral nerve
37
Which of the following is false in regards to the ductus deferens?
a. Transports sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the pelvic urethra after ejaculation
b. Component of the spermatic cord, located within the vaginal tunic
c. Blood supply is from the branch of the prostatic artery, which is a branch of the internal pudendal a.
d. None of the above is false
d. None of the above is false
38
True/False. The right and left deferent ducts extend through the vaginal rings, curve around the cranial aspect of the lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder, and open on either side of the colliculus seminalis.
True.
39
What are the two types of penis?
Musculocavernosus
| Fibroelastic
40
The ___ have a large corpus cavernosum and are enclosed, are innervated by delicate CT septa, and require large amounts of blood to achieve an erection
Musculocavernosus
41
True/False. The blood flow into the penis increases and the venous outflow is obstructed with musculocaverosus penis.
True
42
Which of the following is false regarding a musculocavernosus penis?
a. Requires more time to achieve full erection
b. Boar and ruminant species have this type of penis
c. Erection leads to an increase in length and girth of the penis
d. All of the above are true
b. Boar and ruminant species have this type of penis
| - Found in Stallion, dog, and man
43
Which of the following is false regarding a fibroelastic penis?
a. Boar and ruminant species have this type of penis
b. Penis does not increase greatly in size and full erection is achieved rapidly
c. Protrusion is largely due to straightening of the preexisitng sigmoid flexure
d. Rhythmic muscular contractions force the blood through the cavernous spaces
d. Rhythmic muscular contractions force the blood through the cavernous spaces
- only applies to musculocavernosus penis
44
Which part of the penis is formed by the left and right crura, bulb, and surrounding musculature?
a. Glans
b. Body
c. Root
d. All the above
c. Root
45
Where is the os penis of the dog located?
Within the glans
46
What are the different components of erectile tissues?
Corpus spongiosum
Corpus cavernosum
Bulb
Glans
47
True/Flase. The corpus spongiosum is surrounded by the tunica albuginea and covered by the ischiocavernosus muscle proximally.
False. The corpus cavernosum
48
What surrounds the penile urethra and extends the entire length of the penis?
Corpus spongiosum
49
Which of the following is true regarding the corpus cavernosum?
a. Does not extend to the apex of the penis
b. Expands near the root as the bulb of the penis
c. Extends from the root to the glans
d. None of the above are true
a. Does not extend to the apex of the penis
50
What is the cranial extension of the corpus spongiosum over the distal end of the corpus cavernosum?
Glans
51
What are the two components of the glans in the dog?
Bulbus glandis
| Pars longa glandis
52
What has to be engorged in order for there to be a "tie" between the dog and bitch?
Bulbus glandis
53
Which of the following form a fibrous ring with the opposing muscle at the pelvic symphysis and encircle the common trunk of the right and left dorsal veins of the penis, assisting with penile engorgement?
a. Ischicavernosus m.
b. Ischiourethralis m.
c. Bulbospongiosus m.
d. Retractor penis m.
b. Ischiourethralis m.
54
Which of the following have transversely oriented fibers that cover the bulb at the root and longitudinally oriented fibers that extend distally onto the body?
a. Ischicavernosus m.
b. Ischiourethralis m.
c. Bulbospongiosus m.
d. Retractor penis m.
c. Bulbospongiosus m.
55
What blends with the fibers of the external anal sphincter proximally and extends distally on the ventral aspect of the penis and insets on the glans?
a. Ischicavernosus m.
b. Ischiourethralis m.
c. Bulbospongiosus m.
d. Retractor penis m.
d. Retractor penis m.
56
What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet?
Lateral: arcuate line of the ilium
Ventral: pecten of the pubis
Dorsal: promontory of the sacrum
57
What are the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?
Lateral: sacrotuberous ligament
Ventral: ischiatic arch
Dorsal: first caudal vertebrae
58
What are the primary muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?
- Coccygeus m.
| - Levator ani m.
59
Which of the following is true regarding the urogential diaphragm?
a. Helps anchor the tract
b. Against a forward drag and sinks into the abdomen when pregnant
c. Against a backward displacement during parturition
d. All the above are true
d. All the above are true
60
What is the space excluded from the pelvic cavity by the pelvic diaphragm and is normally occupied by fat?
Ischiorectal fossa
61
What are the boundaries of the ischiorectal fossa?
Lateral: ischial tuber and sacrotuberous/sacrosciatic ligament
Medial: pelvic diaphragm
Ventral: pelvic floor
Base: skin
62
What are the three zones of the anal canal?
- Columnar
- Intermediate
- Cutaneous
63
What is located between the internal and external anal sphincter, is paired, and excretes a highly odorous secretion?
Anal glands
64
The ___ is a caudal thickened part of the anal canal composed of smooth muscle and innervated by the pelvic plexus and hypogastric nerve.
Internal anal sphincter
65
True/False. The external anal sphincter is a large band of skeletal muscle and is involuntary.
False. Its striated muscle and its voluntary
66
What stabilizes the anal canal and the rectum?
Rectococcygeus muscle
67
What is located between the anus and the dorsal commissure that can sometimes tear during parturition?
Perineal body
68
___ is a protrusion of pelvic or abdominal viscera through a weakened or ruptured pelvic diaphragm between the external anal sphincter, levator ani and internal obturator muscle.
Perineal hernia
69
Which of the following lies between the bladder/lateral ligaments of the bladder and the uterus (female)/ ductus deferens (male)?
a. Vesicogential pouch
b. Pubovescial pouch
c. Rectogenital pouch
d. Pararectal fossa
a. Vesicogential pouch
70
Which of the following is a bilateral pouch located between the rectum an dorsal body wall that is continuous with the parietal peritoneum?
a. Vesicogential pouch
b. Pubovescial pouch
c. Rectogenital pouch
d. Pararectal fossa
d. Pararectal fossa
71
Which of the following is located between the uterus and uterine horns (female)/prostate (male) and the rectum?
a. Vesicogential pouch
b. Pubovescial pouch
c. Rectogenital pouch
d. Pararectal fossa
c. Rectogenital pouch
72
Which of the following is located between the pubis and the bladder?
a. Vesicogential pouch
b. Pubovescial pouch
c. Rectogenital pouch
d. Pararectal fossa
b. Pubovescial pouch
73
The ___ ligament in the fetus contains the urachus and the ___ ligament contains the umbilical artery and turns into the round ligament of the bladder in the adult.
Median, Lateral
74
____ contain folds that are persistent and converge at the exit form the bladder.
Urethral crest
75
What is the name of the muscle found on the outer layer of the bladder that squeezes and empties the bladder?
Detrusor muscle
76
What is the suburethral diverticulum?
Blid pouch found in the cow and sow
77
What muscle in both males and females surrounds the urethra and contains the external urethral sphincter?
Urethralis/ Urethral muscle
78
What are the two parts that the male urethra is divided into?
Pelvic urethra
| Penile urethra
79
The ___ is an elevated region on the urethral crest that provides an opening of the deferent ducts and the prostate.
Colliculus seminalis
80
Which artery is the termination of the aorta?
Median sacral
81
What are the two branches cranial to the sacroiliac joint that the internal iliac artery terminates as?
Caudal gluteal artery
| Internal pudendal artery
82
What is the first branch off the internal iliac artery that can give off the cranial vesical artery in adults?
Umbilical artery
83
What are the three terminal branches of the internal pudendal artery?
- Urethral artery
- Ventral perineal artery
- Artery of the penis/clitoris
84
This artery continues lateral to the coccygeus muscle and accompanies the pudendal nerve.
Internal pudendal artery
85
What are the branches off the internal pudendal artery?
Vaginal artery and prostatic artery
86
What are the branches off the vaginal/prostatic artery?
```
Uterine artery (female)
Artery of the ductus deferens (male)
Middle rectal artery
```
87
Which artery supplies the caudal portion of the bladder and gives off ureteral and urethral branches?
Caudal vesical artery
88
What are the three branches off the artery of the penis?
Artery of the bulb of the penis
Deep artery of the penis
Dorsal artery of the penis
89
Which artery follows the sciatic nerve out of the pelvis ad terminates at the hamstrings?
Caudal gluteal artery
90
____ artery supplies the cranial aspect of the middle gluteal muscle and the ___ artery supplies the caudal aspect of the middle gluteal and the deep gluteal muscle.
Iliolumbar artery and Cranial gluteal artery
91
Which of the following drains the surrounding musculature and prostate, located ventral to the body of the sacrum?
a. Hypogastric lymph nodes
b. Sacral lymph nodes
c. Medial iliac lymph nodes
d. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
b. Sacral lymph nodes
92
Which of the following receives lymph form all parts of the dorsal aspect of the abdomen, pelvis, and the pelvic limb, including the gential system and the caudal part of the digestive and urinary system?
a. Hypogastric lymph nodes
b. Sacral lymph nodes
c. Medial iliac lymph nodes
d. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
c. Medial iliac lymph nodes
93
Which of the following drains the lymphatics from the bladder and uterus and is located near the sacral lymph nodes?
a. Hypogastric lymph nodes
b. Sacral lymph nodes
c. Medial iliac lymph nodes
d. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
a. Hypogastric lymph nodes
94
Which of the following drains the mammae, scrotum, prepuce, and ventral abdominal wall?
a. Hypogastric lymph nodes
b. Sacral lymph nodes
c. Medial iliac lymph nodes
d. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
d. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
95
The ___ is a slit like opening between the labia.
Labial fissure
96
True/ False. The Ventral commissure in the dog is rounded in shape and the dorsal commissure is directed caudoventrally.
False. The dorsal commissure in the dog is rounded in shape and the ventral is directed caudoventrally
97
What is found within the ventral commissure that contains the clitoris?
Clitoral fossa
98
What is the space between the vagina and external genitalia and is a common opening for the urinary and genital tracts?
Vestibule
99
What is the urethral tubercle?
A ridge like projection dorsal to the urethral orifice
100
What contributes to the "tie" during copulation and is an erectile tissue deep to the vestibular mucosa?
Vestibular bulbs
101
Which of the following is false regarding the female urethra?
a. Located cranially on the pelvic floor
b. Opens at the junction of the vestibule and vagina
c. Ventral to the urethral tubercle
d. Contains the urethral tubercle
a. Located cranially on the pelvic floor
| - its located caudally on the pelvic floor
102
Which artery supplies the inguinal region?
External pudendal artery
103
What does the internal pudendal artery supply?
Labia
Clitoris
Vestibular bulbs
104
True/False. The internal pudendal artery continues lateral to the pelvic diaphragm and can be visualized in the ischiorectal fossa.
True
105
Which organ is located between the cervix and the vestibule that terminates immediately cranial to the urethral opening?
Vagina
106
What is the cranial most and recessed part of the vagina that is ventral to the cervix?
Vaginal fornix
107
What suspends the uterus from the dorsal lateral body wall?
Mesometrium
108
What does the uterus consist of?
Cervix
Body
2 horns
109
___ protects the uterus from the external environment and protrudes into the vagina.
Cervix
110
What are the three parts of the uterine tube?
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
111
Where does fertilization occur?
Uterine tube
112
Which of the following attaches the ovary to the uterine horn?
a. Mesovarium
b. Suspensory ligament of the ovary
c. Proper ligament of the ovary
d. Round ligament of the ovary
c. Proper ligament of the ovary
113
Which of the following connects the ovary to the body wall?
a. Mesovarium
b. Suspensory ligament of the ovary
c. Proper ligament of the ovary
d. Round ligament of the ovary
a. Mesovarium
114
What connects the ovary to the dorsal body wall and is usually strum when doing a spay?
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
115
What encloses the ovary within the ovarian bursa along with the mesovarium?
Mesosalpinx
116
Which part of the broad ligament begins at the cranial edge of the uterine horn and continues caudally?
Mesometrium
117
Each half of the ___ contains a testis, epididymis and distal portion of the spermatic cord and is divided by a median septum.
Scrotum
118
What is the name of the smooth muscle layer closely associated with the outer skin layer of the scrotum and is responsible for temperature regulation?
Tunica dartos muscle
119
True/False. The vaginal tunic consists of a parietal vagina tunic, and visceral vaginal tunic with a vaginal cavity in between the two.
True
120
Which muscle is the caudal slip of the internal abdominal oblique muscle that pulls the testicles closer to the body?
Cremaster muscle
121
What covers the surface of the testes that helps with pressure regulation and maintaining its shape?
Tunica albuginea
122
What does the testicular vein form that cools blood as it goes down to the testis?
Pampiniform plexus
123
Which of the following connects the tail of the epididymis to the tuica dartos muscle?
a. Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
b. Proper ligament of the testis
c. Scrotal ligament
d. Round ligament
c. Scrotal ligament
124
Which of the following connects the tail of the epididymis to the layers of the vaginal tunic?
a. Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
b. Proper ligament of the testis
c. Scrotal ligament
d. Round ligament
a. Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
125
Which of the following connects the testis to the tail of the epididymis?
a. Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
b. Proper ligament of the testis
c. Scrotal ligament
d. Round ligament
b. Proper ligament of the testis
126
What part of the penis consists of the bulbous glandis and the pars long glandis in the dog and contains the os penis?
Glans
127
What is the proximal end of the corpus cavernosum and is affiliated with the tunica albugenia?
Crus of the penis
128
The crus of the penis anchors the penis to the _____ and is covered by ____ muscle.
Ischial arch, covered by ischiocavernosus muscle
129
What muscle externally covers the bulb of the penis?
Bulbospongiosus muscle
130
Where does the body of the penis begin?
Where the two crura join to form the dorsal erectile columns of the penis
131
What is an expansion of the corpus spongiosum that cotributes to the "tie" during copulation?
Bulbous glandis
132
The ___ deforms during intromission and allows the urethral opening to shift dorsally.
Pars longus glandis
133
The ____ forms the dorsal columns of the body of the penis and contributes to the crus.
Corpus cavernosum
134
Which of the following is false about the corpus spongiosum?
a. Expands as the bulb of the penis proximally
b. Surrounds the caudal pelvic and all the penile urethra
c. Continuous as the glans of the penis distally
d. All of the above are true
d. All of the above are true
135
What is the visceral bone that has the urethral groove located along the ventral aspect?
Os penis
136
True/False. The Deep artery of the penis supplies the corpus spongiosum and the artery of the bulb of the penis supplies the corpus cavernosum.
False.
Deep artery = corpus cavernosum
Artery of the bulb = corpus spongiosum
137
Which artery supplies the glans penis and the prepuce?
Dorsal artery of the penis
138
What surrounds the penile urethra in the male dog?
Corpus spongiosum
139
What is the name for the fold of skin covering the glans penis?
Prepuce
140
Where does the internal lamina of the prepuce terminate and what does it become continuous with?
Terminates at the fornix and becomes continuous with the skin of the glans
