Smallies 4 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What can biochemistry and urinalysis show in a case of LI disease?
A
Often unhelpful
May identify concurrent disease or show significant consequences of the LI problem e.g. luid/electrolyte imbalance or azotaemia
2
Q
If you only have high urea on biochemistry for LI disease what is this indicative of?
A
GI bleed
3
Q
What might you see on haematology when investigating LI disease?
A
Signs of inflammation or parasitism
Anaemia of chronic disease or due to blood loss
4
Q
Discuss the use of imaging in the investigation of LI disease?
A
Often unhelpful
Radiography
- consider for abdominal pain
Get thoracic view if suspecting neoplasia (met check)
Ultrasonography
- can look for other abdomen pathology
Loss for mass lesions or evidence of wall thickening/loss of layers
5
Q
What bowel preparation should be done before endoscopy of the large bowel?
A
Starve for significant period of time
Oral laxatives
Enema the day before
Enema once anaesthetised
6
Q
What is the rationale for high fibre diets in colonic disease?
A
Colonocytes use VFAs (butyrate and proprionate) for energy metabolism
VFAs are derived from fibre fermentation
7
Q
What is the dietary management of acute colitis?
A
Highly digestible, low fat diet
High in fibre
8
Q
What is the most common cause of chronic LI diarrhoea?
A
Chronic colitis
9
Q
What are the types of IBD?
A
Lymphocytic-plasmacytic
Eosinophilic
Histiocytic/granulomatous
10
Q
What is the commonest type of chronic colitis in the dog?
A
Lymphocytic-plasmacytic
11
Q
What age and breed of dog is most likely to get lyphocytic-plasmacytic chronic colitis?
A
Any age but especially 6mths-4yrs
Any breed but especially GSDs, rough collies, labs
12
Q
What are characteristics of intestinal diets?
A
Highly digestible Low fat Low residue --> reduced faecal bulk High fibre Single source of protein
13
Q
What drugs can be used in the management of acute colitis?
A
Corticosteroids (preds) - 1st line treatment
Other immunosuppressive drugs e.g. ciclosporine, azathioprine, chlorambucil
Metronidazole
Sulphasalazeines
Antibiotics
14
Q
What is granulomatous colitis and which dogs does it tend to affect?
A
Aparticularly aggressive form of ulcerative colitis
Boxers and French Bulldogs due to genetic predisposition
15
Q
How is granulomatous colitis diagnosed?
A
Biopsy
- granulomatous inflammation
Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) technique identifies colonic mucosal invasion by E.coli
16
Q
How is granulomatous colitis treated?
A
8 weeks of enrofloxacin - be sure of diagnosis, need to be able to justify long term use of enrofloxacin
Poor response may mean resistance
17
Q
What is the most common type of LI neoplasia?
A
Benign adenomatous polyps
18
Q
Where are LI neoplasias normally seen
A
Proximal colon
19
Q
How are LI neoplasia diagnosed?
A
History (flattened stool, surface blood, straining?)
Rectal exam
Radiography (distortion of colon path, trapping of gas)
Ultrasonography
Endoscopy+/- biopsy
20
Q
What are degenerative causes of constipation?
A
Dysautonomia
Perineal hernia
21
Q
What are anomalous causes of constipation?
A
Extra-colonic compressoin e.g. prostatic disease Stricture Inactivity Behaviour Obesity
22
Q
What are metabolic causes of constipation?
A
Megacolon secondary to hypercalcaemia or hypokaemia
23
Q
What are neoplastic causes of constipation?
A
Adenoma/adenocarcinoma
Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma
Lymphoma
24
Q
What are nutritional causes of constipation?
A
Food - bones, hair, high fibre, chicken carcases etc
FB
Dehydration
25
What are inflammatory causes of constipation
Stricture
Anal sacculitis
Anal furunculosis
26
What are idiopathica causes of constipation?
Idiopathic megacolon
| Dysautonomia
27
What is the diagnostic plan for constipation?
```
History
Physical exam
Radiography
Ultraouns
Bloods (for underlying disease)
Protoscopy
```
28
What are the two types of feline megacolon?
Primary/dilated
| Secondary/hypertrophic
29
What is the managementof constipation?
```
Treat underlying cause
Rehydration
Enemas water +/- soap +/- lactulose
Dietary fibre
LAxatives
Prokinetics
Surgical colectomy
```
30
What laxatives can be used in the management of constipation?
Dietary fibre supplementation - bulk producing agents e.g. poorly digestable polysaccharides or sterculia granules
Stool softeners e.g. anionic detergents
Lubricants e.g. paraffin
Hydrating agents e.g. lactulose
31
What are fluid maintenance requirements for a 18kg dog?
2 x 18 = 36ml/hr = 864 ml/day`
32
What is the fluid deficit for an 18kg dog that is 10% dehydrated?
0.1 x 18 = 1.8L
33
What is an isotonic crystalloid fluid?
A fluid that is a balanced electrolyte solution equivalent to the osmolarity of the patient's RBCs and plasma
34
Give an example of a balanced isotonic crystalloid fluid?
Lactated Ringers Solution (Hartmanns)
35
Calculate drops per minute for a patient needing a total of 3,414mls over 24 hours using a drip factor of 20 drops/ml
3414 x 20 = 68280 drops in 24 hrs
= 2845 drops/hr
= 47 drops/min
36
What will you see on biochemistry and urinalysis with pre-renal azotaemia?
High urea
High creatinine
Concentrated USG
37
What will you see on biochemistry and urinalysis with renal azotaemia?
High urea
High creatinine
Low USG
38
What is cachexia associated with?
Chronic disease e.g.
- congestive heart failure
- chronic kidney disease
- neoplastic disease
- chronic inflammatory/infectious dz
39
What are the characteristics of cachexia?
Poor calorie intake
| Inflammation --> circulating cytokines --> detrimental effect on metabolism
40
Define sarcopenia
Loss of lean body mass that occurs with ageing but no significant cliical disease
41
How can inadequate diet be a cause for weight loss?
Poor quality
Change in type/formulation
Starvation
42
What are causes of weight loss when there is an adequate diet?
Competition for food
Oral disease
Increased metabolic rate e.g. hyperthyroidism
Increased calorie requirement e.g. pregnancy
Impaired use or loss of nutrients e.g. PLN/PLE
Chronic inflammatory disease
Neoplastic disease
Pathologic weight loss e.g. inflammatory myositis
43
What are infectious causes of weight loss?
Chronic infections e.g. granulomatous disease such as mycobacteria
FeLV/FIV
FIP
44
How can pyrexia leaad to weight loss?
Pyrexia increases basal metabolic rate
45
What endocrinopathies can cause weight loss with an increased appetite?
DM
Hyperadrenocorticism - get a loss of muscle mass with fat redistribution
Hyperthyroidism
46
What GI diseases can cause weight loss with increased appetite?
EPI
| Intestinal malabsorptive disease e.g. IBD, lymphangiectasia, PLE
47
Describe the process of investigating weight loss
```
Obtain thorough history
Complete physical exam
Generate problem list
Define primary and secondary problems
Undertake diagnostic tests
```
48
What is ascites?
An abnormal collection of protein containing fluid in the abdomen
49
How can collapse be related ascites?
Haemoabdomen due to splenic bleed
50
How can diarrheoa be related to ascites?
Ascites could be due to hypoalbuminaemia from GI loss e.g. PLE
51
How can PUPD be linked to ascites
PLN progressing to CKD
52
How could jaundice be related to jaundice?
Leak in biliary system
53
How could exercise intolerance be associated with ascites?
Cardiac or pericardia disease
54
How could anuria be linked to ascites?
Urethra or bladder rupture
55
What physical exam findings might indicate pleural effusion?
Dull chest sounds
56
Why is abdominal ultrasound useful when investigating ascites?
Confirm presence of fluid
Look for underlying cause
Ultrasound guided sampling if needed
57
Why is abdominal radiography useful when investigating ascites?
Contrast radiographs can help identify a leak in the urinary system
58
What tube would you use when collecting fluid for protein and biochemical analysis?
Plain tube
59
What tube would you use for collecting fluid for cell couts and why?
EDTA
| Preserves cell morphology
60
Compare blood and fluid glucose levels with a peritonitis case?
If blood glucose is 1.1mmols/l higher than effusion suggests septic peritonitis
61
Compare fluid lactate and bood lactate with a peritonitis case?
If fluid lactate is >2.5mmol/l and higher than blood lactate it suggests septic peritonitis
62
Compare creatinine and potassium fluid and blood levels with a peritonitis case?
If effusion:serum creatinine ratio >2:1 then it indicates uroabdomen in 85% dogs
If effusion:serum potassium ratio 1.4:1 then it indicates uroabdomen in 100% dogs
63
What are the crucial tests for fluid analysis?
```
Gross appearance of fluid
Total protein count
Total nucleated cell count
cell type/s and morphology (sediment smear)
Bacterial cultrue
```
64
List potential fluid types than can be sampled from the abdomen?
Transdate
Modified transudate
Exudate
Other e.g. neoplastic, blood, urine, bile, chyle/pseudochyle, eosinophilic
65
What is the normal physiology of abdominal fluid?
Fluid forms in small amount for lubrication and diffusion or substances e.g. electrolytes
Rate of formation depends on balance between plasma colloid oncontic pressure and hydrostatic forces
Any excess fluid in the abdominal cavity will usually be absorbed by the lymphatics
66
How does ascites develop?
```
Starlings forces are out of balance
Increased filtration pressure
Decreased abdorption pressure
Leaky vessels
Hypoalbuminaemia
```
67
What are causes of increased filtration (outward) pressure?
Increased arterial pressure
Increased venous pressure
Obstruction of local blood vessels
68
What are causes of decreased absorptive (inward) pressure?
Decreased plasma COP due to protein loss (particularly albumin --> hypoalbuminaemia) or decreased protein synthesis (particularly albumin)
69
What are causes of leaky vessels that can lead to ascites?
Local inflammation
Vasculitis
Congenital abnormalities
Lymphangitis
70
How can hypoalbuminaemia lead to ascites?
Hypoalbuminaemia leads to loss of endothelial integrity and further worsens fluid movement as it increases the impact of hydrostatic pressure gradient
71
What is the appearance, specific gravity, cell type and level of protein and nucleated cells of pure transudate?
```
Appearance: clear, colourless
Protein: <20 g/l
Nucleated cells: <1.5x10/l
Specific gravity: <1.017
Cell types: few RBCs with a small mised nucleated cell population (neutrophils up to 60%, plus lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and mesothelial cells)
```
72
What is the appearance, specific gravity, cell type and level of protein and nucleated cells of modified transudate?
```
Appearance: variable
Protein: 20-50 g/l
Nucleated cells: <5 x10/l
Specific gravity: 1.017-1.025
Cell types: moderate mixed nucleated cell poopulation (mostly neutrophils and macrophages, mesothelial cells often seen, occasional lymphocytes and monocytes)
```
73
What is the appearance, specific gravity, cell type and level of protein and nucleated cells of exudate?
```
Appearance: turbid/purulent
Protein: >30 g/l
Nucleated cells: >5x10/l
Specific gravity: >1/025
Cell types: many RBCs, nucleated cells (mostly degenerative neutrophils), bacteria may be present
```
74
What are potential causes of pure transudate?
```
Hypoalbuminaemia
PLE
PLN
Liver failure/disease
Hypoadrenocorticism
```
75
What are causes of modified transudate?
Portal hypertension due to chronic liver disease, right-sided heart failure
Pancreatitis
Splenic/intestinal torsion
Ruptured diaphragm with entrapment of organs
76
What are causes of exudate?
Primary peritonitis is rate
Secondary peritonitis is important
- septic peritonitis
- non-septic peritonitis
77
List causes of septic peritonitis
```
Rupture of the GIT due to perforated ulcer or FB
Penetrating abdominal wound
Ruptured pyometra
Tracking FB
Iatrogenic
```
78
List causes of non-septic peritonitis
```
Pancreatitis
Bile leakage
Ruptured urinary tract
Assocaited with haemoabdomen
Neoplastic peritonitis
Iatrogenic
Chyloabdomen (rare)
```
79
Give an example fo how bile peritonitis can become septic?
ruptured gall bladder associated with ascending infection and cholangitis
80
Give an example of how uroabdomen can become septic
Ruptured bladder assocaited with infected struvite calculi
81
What is the appearance, specific gravity, cell type and level of protein and nucleated cells of neoplastic effusion?
```
Appearance: may be bloody and/or turbid
Protein: often >35 g/l
Nucleated cells: often 5-25 x109/l
Specific gravity often: >1.025
Cell type/s:
o RBCs, mixed nucleated cell population
o Neoplastic cells may be seen, particularly with exfoliative disease such as lymphoma
```
82
What is the appearance, specific gravity, PCV, cell type and level of protein and nucleated cells of haemorrhagic effusion?
Appearance: bloody (but does not clot unless fresh )
PCV variable: >0.10 l/l (can cf blood)
Protein: variable, often >30 g/l
Nucleated cells: variable (similar to blood >5-15x109/l)
Specific gravity: >1.025
Cell type/s:
o RBCs, no platelets, mixed nucleated and mesothelial cells
o +/- haemosiderophages depending on chronicity. Always prepare smears prior to transit as this can be an in vitro artefact
83
What is the appearance, specific gravity, cell type, biochem and level of protein and nucleated cells of uroabdomen?
Appearance: serosanguinous
Protein: 10-30 g/l
Nucleated cells: 5-15 x109/l
Specific gravity often: >1.025
Biochemistry: creatinine and potassium > than on blood values
Cell type/s:
o Many RBCs; mixed nucleated cells (macrophages, neutrophils, mesothelial cells)
84
What is the appearance, specific gravity, cell type and level of protein and nucleated cells of chylous effusion?
Appearance: milky, white or pink
Protein: 10-30 g/l
Nucleated cells: 5-20 x109/l
Cell type/s:
o Cells vary with chronicity
o Mostly mature lymphocytes early in the disease process
o Mixed with chronicity, macrophages contain Sudan staining inclusions
85
What are possible causes of a haemorrhagic effusion?
ruptured spleen, traumatic organ damage, coagulopathy
86
What are possible causes of uroabdomen?
traumatic rupture of urinary tract (RTA), rupture associated with urolithiasis or neoplastic disease, iatrogenic associated with catheterisation
87
How common is a chylous effusion?
Very rare
88
What are possible causes of chylous effusion?
lymphatic leakage or rupture. Chylothorax more common than chyloabdomen
89
Define peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum (i.e. serous membrane lining the peritoneal cavity)
90
What type of fluid do you get with peritonitis?
Exudate
91
What is primary peritonitis?
There is no underlying abdominal pathology and it usually occurs due to haematogenous spread
92
What is secondary peritonitis?
Occurs secondary to abdominal pathology
93
Which is more common - primary or secondary peritonitis?
Primary is rare in animals and secondary is more common
94
Will a perforated gastsric ulcer lead to septic or non-septic gastric peritonitis?
It depends whether there is any bacteria in the stomach that might leak into the peritoneal cavity
Even if it isn't septic the treatment is still aggressive as this is an emergency presentation
95
When might signalment and history be useful in a peritonitis case?
FE bitch recently in season -> pyometra
Old dog on NSAIDs for aarthritis
Old ME dog with preputial discharge -> prostatic disease
96
What could you find on a physical exam of a dog with peritonitis?
```
Abdominal pain
Distended abdomen +/- fluid thrill
Collapse
Pyrexic/hypothermia
Evidence of primary disease e.g. jaundice, anaemia
```
97
What may be seen on biochemistry with a peritonitis case?
High urea and creatinine (+/- potassium)
High bilirubin and liver enzymes
May get hypoglycaemia or hypoproteinaemia
98
Why might you get neutropenia with a peritonitis case?
The WBCs may have all gone to the abdomen where they can be the most helpful, so the patient appears to have neutropenia
99
Why should you take a blood smear to back up haematology results with a peritonitis case?
White cell counts may be normal but individual cells might look very toxic
100
If performing a blind abdominocentesis where should you avoid?
Avoid left cranial quadrant due to location of the spleen
