smoking and the periodontium

Question 1

what is nicotinic stomatitis?

Answer 1

smokers keratosis
insult from heat and smoke
dried, pale, fissured gingiva

Question 2

what effects has nicotine on periodontal tissues?

Answer 2

low dose stored in periodontal fibroblasts
vasoconstrictor- reduces blood flow to tissues, impairs healing of injured tissues
increases platelet adhesiveness- increasing risk of thrombosis
proliferation of RBCs, fibroblasts and macrophages decreased by nicotine

Question 3

what other toxic substances are in tobacco smoke?

Answer 3

hydrogen sulphide
hydrogen cyanide
carbon monoxide

Question 4

what are the oral effects of smoking?

Answer 4

more calculus deposits
more plaque deposits
spend less time brushing teeth
have more deep pockets
have greater bone loss
lose more teeth
gingiva have higher number of keratinised cells
reduces blood supply
periodontal treatment often fails

Question 5

what is the difference between younger smokers and older smokers?

Answer 5

young smokers show the same amount of gingival inflammation or more than non smokers
older age groups show less inflammation

Question 6

why do older age groups show less inflammation?

Answer 6

vasoconstriction of blood vessels

heavier keratinisation of gingiva

Question 7

what are the effects of smoking at a cellular level?

Answer 7

vasoconstriction of gingival vasculature
initial increase in GCF
50% inhibition of function of oral neutrophils- impairing healing
clear relationship between NUG and smoking

Question 8

what are the effects of smoking on response to treatment?

Answer 8

decreased IgA and G antibodies against fusobacteria and prevotella intermedia
decreased helper T cells
decreased neutrophil function