Soc. 10-14 Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
5 functions of the skeletal system
A
Protection of vital organs Muscle attachment Joints for movement Storing calcium and phosphorus Red and white blood cell production
2
Q
4 classification of bones
A
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
3
Q
Long bones
A
Bones that are longer than they are wide.
4
Q
Short bones
A
Bones that are roughly the same length, width and thickness.
5
Q
Flat bones
A
Bones that protect organs and offer a good surface for muscles to attach to.
6
Q
Irregular bones
A
Bones that have odd shapes and perform a range of functions
7
Q
Cartilage
A
A firm, connective tissue
8
Q
Ossification
A
The process of development from cartilage to bone
9
Q
Somatype
A
Body shape or type.
10
Q
Joint
A
A place where two or more bones meet. They are important for movement and rotation.
11
Q
What are the 4 types of joints?
A
- Pivot joints
- Hinge joints
- Ball and socket joints
- Condyloid joints
12
Q
Pivot joints
A
Allow bones to rotate. There is one bone shaped like a cylinder that rotates inside another bone or ligament.
13
Q
Examples of pivot joints
A
Wrist, ankle, neck
14
Q
5 main ways to prevent injuries:
A
- selecting approiate methods
- warming up/cooling down
- protective equipment/clothing
- checking equipment/facilities
- playing to the rules
15
Q
8 types of injury:
A
- Concussion
- Fractures
- Abrasions
- Dislocations
- Torn Cartilage
- Soft tissue injury
- Strains
- Sprains
16
Q
Concussion
A
- An injury cuased by a blow to the head and can happen in many sports
17
Q
Fractures
A
- A broken or cracked bone cuased by a blow.
- can be cuased by stress/fatigue
18
Q
4 types of fractures:
A
- Inclosed - the skin over the break is not damaged
- Compound - the broken bone protrudes through the skin
- Simple - take place in one line, with no displacement of the bone
- Stress (overuse) - they happen as a result of fatigue
19
Q
Abrasions
A
- An injury caused by the friction of the skin against a rough surface
20
Q
Dislocations
A
- when a bone at a joint is forced out of its normal position.
- occurs as a result of a hard blow which causes one of the bones to be displaced.
21
Q
Torn Cartilage
A
- Damage to cartilage often occurs due to wear and tear from long-term overuse.
22
Q
Soft-tissue injury
A
- Injuries at the joints usually becuase of movement past the range causing torn/pulled tendons + ligaments
23
Q
Strains
A
a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or a tendon
24
Q
Sprains
A
A damaged ligament caused by overstretching
25
Anabolic steroids
A drug that increases muscle mass and strength
26
Benefits and side effects of anabolic steroids
- increase muscle mass and develop bone growth
- produces quick results
- increased risk of heart attacks
- high blood pressure
- liver disease
- death
27
Narcotics and analgesics
Powerful painkillers
28
Benefits and side effects of Narcotic and analgesics
- relieve pain from injuries
| - loss of concentration, balance and co-ordination
29
Beta blockers
They maintain a lower heart rate and blood pressure
30
Benefits and side effects of beta blockers
-reduce anxiety and stress
- nausea and diarrhoea
- tiredness
- depression
- insomnia
31
Diuretics
The elimination of fluid in the body
32
Benefits and side effects of diuretics
- help lose weight
- reduce concentration of other banned substances
- dehydration, dizziness, muscle cramps, headaches and nausea
- long-term kidney problems
33
Peptide hormones (including erythropoietin)
Increases muscle growth
34
Benefits and side effects of Peptide hormones
- Assists in recovery from injury and training sessions
| - Increases the number of red blood cells
35
Growth hormones
Increase muscle development
36
Benefits and side effects of growth hormones
-muscle development
- thickens blood
- dehydration
- increase risk of heart problems
37
Stimulants
-Increases alertness e.g. nicotine and caffeine
38
Benefits and side effects of stimulants
-overcome tiredness
- insomnia
- irregular heart beat
- addiction
- high blood pressure
39
Blood doping
Boosting red blood cells to improve performance
40
Benefits and side effects of blood doping
- Improves your VO2 max (aerobic capacity)
- Increase endurance
- Boosts the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream
41
Hinge joints
Allows only backwards and forward motion e.g. the knee, elbow and ankle
42
Ball and socket joints
Allows a variety of movements. The rounded head of a long bone (ball) fits into a cup-shaped hole (the socket) e.g. hip, shoulder
43
Condyloid joints
Allows circular motions. Similar to ball and socket joints but the ball rests against the ned of the bone e.g. the wrist
44
Flexion
Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts
45
Extension
Straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts
46
Adduction
Movements that pulls TOWARDS the midline of the body
47
Abduction
Movements that pulls AWAY from the midline of the body
48
Rotation
Movement around a single axis or pivot joint
49
Circumduction
Moving in a circular or conical shape
50
Dorsi-flexion
Bending or flexing the toes up, closer to the shin
51
Plantar-flexion
Extending or pointing the toes down, away from the shin
52
Ligaments
Elastic fibres that join one bone to another, to hold things together and keep them stable
53
Tendons
None-elastic fibres that attach muscle to the bone
54
Antagonistic pairs
When one muscle contracts (antagonist) the other relaxes (antagonist) to allow the joint to work
55
Muscle fibres
Consists of a single muscle cell. They help to control the physical forces within the body.
When grouped together, they can facilitate organized movement of your limbs and tissues
56
Type I
Slow-twitch muscle fibres; suited to low intensity work, e.g. marathon running, as they can be used for a long period without fatiguing
57
Type IIa
Fast-twitch muscle fibres used in anaerobic work; can be improved through endurance training to increase their resistance to fatigue
58
Type IIx
Fast-twitch muscle fibres used in anaerobic work and can generate much greater force than other fibre types, but fatigue quickly
59
Myoglobin
A red pigment that transports oxygen to the muscles
60
Voluntary muscles
- Muscle movement under conscious control
| - The muscles that help you walk, talk, pick up things, run, jump. You control how you use them
61
Involuntary muscles
- Muscle movement not under conscious control
- They contract and relax automatically controlled by the nervous system. This happens without you needing to do anything
62
Cardiac muscles
Found in the wall of the heart and works to keep your heart pumping through involuntary movements. It is made up of interlaced fibres.
63
Vascular
The process that increases blood flow to active areas during exercise, by diverting blood away from inactive areas
