SOC 101 Flashcards by B Marsh

If a researcher’s presence influences the subjects’ behavior, it is said to create _____.

A: value neutrality

B: Interference

C: reactivity

D: subjectivity

E: objectivity

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Sociologists say we must look beyond individual states of mind to explain human behavior. What do sociologists focus on in their explanations of human behavior?

A: social causes

B: television programs

C: individual psychology

D: market forces

E: social relations and individual psychology

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According to feminists, women are subordinate to men in contemporary society because of

A: biological necessity.

B: women’s desires to be taken care of.

C: structures of power and social convention.

D: the need for stability and consistency in modern society.

E: complementary and functional roles.

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According to sociologists, what is the most likely outcome of increasing globalization and widespread postindustrialism?

A: increased freedom for all

B: increased opportunity for all

C: a loss of freedom for all

D: a loss of opportunity for all

E: there will likely be losses and gains in freedom and opportunity

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The first major sociological research project on African American communities in the United States, The Philadelphia Negro, concluded that the supposed “natural” inferiority of African Americans was actually a result of _____.

A: white prejudice

B: class inequality

C: historical change

D: redlining

E: self esteem

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Which sociologist was most concerned with the study of how individual identity is formed in the course of interacting with other people?

A: Karl Marx

B: Emile Durkheim

C: Max Weber

D: George Herbert Mead

E: Talcott Parsons

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_____ is the American sociologist known as the foremost proponent of functionalism.

A: Emile Durkheim

B: C.W. Mills

C: Karl Marx

D: Talcott Parsons

E: Max Weber

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Who is the only sociologist to win a Nobel Prize?

A: Marianne Weber

B: Harriet Martineau

C: Mary Wollstonecraft

D: Auguste Comte

E: Jane Addams

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W.E.B. Du Bois believed that the elimination of white prejudice would reduce racial conflict and create more equality between blacks and whites. In order to advance his interest in creating racial equality, Du Bois

A: wrote the Communist Manifesto.

B: relocated to Liberia.

C: co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

D: abandoned the study of race relations.

E: founded La Raza Unida.

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A sociologist believes that high levels of education create the opportunity for better-paid work after graduation. Levels of education would be the _____ variable in this hypothesis.

A: independent

B: dependent

C: spurious

D: sociological

E: randomized

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A researcher uses a series of questions to gauge the commitment level of members of a new religious movement. She is concerned that her questions may not actually be measuring levels of commitment. This is a concern about _____.

A: replicability

B: a testable hypothesis

C: validity

D: reliability

E: researcher subjectivity

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Experiments to measure the impact of media violence on children are most like to lack _____ because of the artificial setting in which experiments are conducted.

A: reliability

B: validity

C: generalizability

D: causality

E: accuracy

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According to Durkheim’s typology, “suicide bombers” would be an example of _____.

A: altruistic suicide

B: anomic suicide

C: egoistic suicide

D: fatalistic suicide

E: individualistic suicide

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Which scholar is often called the first woman sociologist?

A: Marianne Weber

B: Harriet Martineau

C: Mary Wollstonecraft

D: Auguste Comte

E: Mary Mills

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The sociologist best known for emphasizing that various institutions must work to ensure the smooth operation of society as a whole is _____.

A: Robert Merton

B: C.W. Mills

C: Karl Marx

D: Talcott Parsons

E: Max Weber

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From the perspective of symbolic interactionism, the primary purpose of fashion is to

A: express and share information about one’s identity.

B: make profits for large clothing manufacturers.

C: help to mark and maintain boundaries between members of different social classes.

D: distract people from more serious and pressing social issues.

E: maintain gender roles.

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Feminists view fashion as one aspect of _____ or the system of male domination of women.

A: patrilineage

B: patriarchy

C: patrimony

D: structural functionalism

E: hegemony

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Which of these is not considered one of the key features of functionalism?

A: shared values

B: equilibrium

C: competing interests

D: social structure

E: social stability

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Conflict theory originated in the work of _____.

A: Talcott Parsons

B: Robert Merton

C: Emile Durkheim

D: Karl Marx

E: Kingsley Davis

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The transformation from agrarian production to manufacturing is termed _____.

A: the scientific revolution

B: the age of reason

C: the enlightenment shift

D: the industrial revolution

E: the Neolithic revolution

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The sociological concept of culture

A: is limited to what is commonly called “popular culture.”

B: is limited to what is commonly called “high culture.”

C: has the same meaning as “mass culture.”

D: includes “high,” “popular,” and “mass” culture, as well as ordinary aspects of everyday life.

E: cannot be applied to everyday experience.

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Sociologists think of language as

A: the least important component of the cultural tool kit.

B: a cultural invention that separates humans from other animals.

C: more important in advanced cultures than in less developed cultures.

D: material culture.

E: the part of culture that is least likely to change.

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When Kyle holds up two fingers in the peace sign, she is using _____.

A: values

B: a symbol

C: a norm

D: a method

E: sociology

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Jim traveled to Thailand for a vacation and became shocked and judgmental toward “foreign” practices. Which term best describes Jim’s reaction?

A: cultural relativism

B: material culture

C: ethnocentrism

D: mass culture

E: subcultural revolt

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Cultural diversification A: is not apparent in postindustrial societies. B: is limited to agricultural societies. C: is not evident in preliterate or tribal societies. D: refers to the homogeneity of society. E: only occurs in societies with very traditional values.

When people make purchases in order to feel good about themselves or their situation, they are engaging in _____. A: rationalization B: counterculture C: consumerism D: deviance E: identity crisis

Which of these processes destroys political, economic, and cultural isolation on the largest scale? A: socialization B: multiculturalism C: industrialization D: globalization E: diversification

How do preliterate or tribal societies differ from preindustrial and postindustrial societies? A: preliterate tribal cultures are more similar in beliefs and practices B: preliterate tribal peoples are more individualistic C: rituals within preliterate societies are very private and personal D: there is more cultural diversity within more traditional societies E: there are no significant differences between preliterate tribal societies and industrial and postindustrial societies.

Today, the most radical forms of hip-hop music A: are found outside of the U.S. and other English-speaking countries. B: are produced by young white musicians. C: are found in urban areas within the U.S. D: are appealing to the U.S. middle-class. E: are not political.

Ideas or standards for what is right or wrong, good or bad, and other types of judgments are called _____. A: abstractions B: symbols C: norms D: values E: cooperation

The necessity to understand that other people have values that differ from ours and that we should not see these values as inferior but merely different is known as _____. A: ethnocentrism B: cultural relativism C: holism D: universalism E: cultural confrontation

Critics of cultural relativism claim that all cultures are not of equal value because A: some cultures are better than others. B: some cultures are in greater stages of development than American culture. C: cultural production is a global process. D: many cultures have practices that most Americans consider inhumane. E: cultural diversification hurts the interests of the poor.

The individualistic brand of dissent encouraged by hip-hop appeals to an audience that is A: exclusively black. B: mixed in terms of race and social class. C: primarily middle-aged. D: limited to the coasts of the U.S. E: uniquely American.

What form of culture involves an eclectic mixing of elements from different times and places, the erosion of authority, and the decline of consensus around core values? A: premodern B: industrial C: modern D: postmodern E: traditional

American Indian sovereignty movements are an illustration of _____. A: a rite of passage B: material culture C: the rights revolution D: ethnocentrism E: cultural constraints

The belief that all cultures and all cultural practices have equal value is known as _____. A: cultural relativism B: ethnocentrism C: cultural production D: representation E: cultural diversification

A counterculture is A: an inferior culture. B: a culture that is perceived to be inferior. C: any postmodern culture. D: a set of distinctive values, norms, and practices within a larger culture. E: a culture that challenges and opposes the values of the dominant culture.

What is the difference between society and culture? A: Society is a group of people who share territory and may share culture. B: Cultures are generally more geographically defined than societies. C: societies refer to shared practices; cultures are shared boundaries. D: Society is shared, culture is not. E: There is no difference in meaning between society and culture.

American society is undergoing rapid cultural diversification, and marriage between people of different races is increasingly common. While only 1 percent of African Americans married non-blacks in 1970, the figure had increased to _____ by 2008. A: 3 percent B: 7 percent C: 10 percent D: 16 percent E: 24 percent

If a group of teenagers have distinctive dress, beliefs, ideas, and language that separate them from others in a society, they can be said to belong to a _____. A: counterculture B: subculture C: reference group D: outgroup E: gang

In theories of socialization, _____ are most likely to emphasize the creativity of individuals as they attach meaning to their experiences. A: functionalists B: conflict theorists C: feminists D: symbolic interactionists E: psycholanalysts

Which of these are examples of mass media? A: television, radio, movies, videos, books, and the Internet B: personal testimony C: diaries and individual journal keeping D: personal journals E: email correspondence

According to Mead, the development of the self occurs through the process of learning to A: imitate other people. B: pretend to be other people. C: see oneself reflected in others’ reactions. D: take the role of the generalized other. E: control impulses.

Which of these is not one of the stages in an initiation rite? A: individuation B: separation from one’s old status and identity C: degradation, disorientation, and stress D: acceptance of the new group culture and status E: ritual rebirth

The idea of the hidden curriculum was first proposed by _____. A: conflict theorists B:functionalists C: symbolic interactionists D: psychologists E: school administrators

According to Freud, the development of one’s personality is achieved A: through a very short process of resocialization. B: through play and learning games. C: as an infant learns that his or her needs are different than those of the parent. D: only through a process of severe discipline. E: through the continual gratification of needs.

Which of these statements about agents of socialization is false? A: Agents of socialization operate throughout a person’s life. B: Through agents of socialization we learn to control impulses and how to behave in groups. C: Acquiring self-identity is an important process within agents of socialization. D: Agents of socialization each deliver consistent and similar messages in order to facilitate development. E: Important values and social roles are learned through agents of socialization.

_____ emphasize how socialization serves to create orderly social relations. A: Functionalists B: Conflict theorists C: Feminists D: Symbolic interactionists E: Psychologists

The dominant socializing agent from middle childhood through adolescence is most often the _____. A: family B: school C: peer group D: mass media E: extracurricular school activities

Cooley’s “looking glass self” is based on the idea that we attach and create meanings through the process of interaction. This is the foundation of which of these types of sociological theory? A: conflict theory B: symbolic interactionism C: functionalism D: feminist theory E: structuralism

Widely shared expectations about how males and females are supposed to act are called_____. A: media roles B: gender roles C: family roles D: sexuality norms E: gender patterns

George Herbert Mead is best known for his study of _____. A: economic principles B: bureaucracy C: the self D: aging E: rhesus monkeys

Today, those who watch the most TV tend to be _____. A: female B: male C: upper class D: middle class E: socially disadvantaged

The basic idea of _____ is that our feelings about who we are depend largely on how we see ourselves judged by others. A: Freud’s model of the unconscious B: the significant other C: socialization D: roles E: the “looking glass self”

Peer groups A: have the most influence on the educational aspirations and social preferences of adolescents. B: have more influence than parents over political and religious preferences. C: create conflict but have little influence. D: may help to integrate young people into the larger society. E: have less influence among middle-class adolescents than others.

If the hidden curriculum is successful A: students will understand the role of race in how they are evaluated. B: girls will understand that their sex may contribute to how they are evaluated. C: teachers will be completely fair and neutral in their evaluations of students. D: students will be convinced they are judged solely on the basis of their performance. E: most students would lack adequate preparation for the social world.

The conflict between adolescents and parents may be intense. It is also usually _____ A: permanent B: long lasting C: temporary D: violent E: artificial

Many students from poor and racial minority families reject the hidden curriculum in schools. They tend to A: be skeptical or rebellious, and may perform poorly. B: be hostile toward other poor groups. C: be receptive to alternative classes to take advantage of job opportunities. D: accept that the school will open job and work opportunities for them. E: work harder to prove the hidden curriculum wrong.

A recognized social position that an individual can occupy is known as a _____. A: life stage B: peer group C: role model D: status E: role

Declining adult supervision, increasing media influence, less involvement in extracurricular activities, and the need for paid employment are all contributing to what is being called _____. A: the hidden curriculum B: the self-fulfilling prophecy C: the vanishing adolescent D: the “Lost Boys: E: the age of innocence

While status cues may be useful in helping people define a situation, they can quickly degenerate into _____. A: stereotypes B: norms C: values D: roles E: none of these choices

The boundary between an in-group and an out-group is most likely to fade when A: someone with greater authority pulls the two groups together. B: they are made to compete against each other in a some type of sport. C: they are of equal status and interact face-to-face in a situation of established norms. D: they will be rewarded for doing so. E: they are different enough so as not to appear in competition with each other.

Dramaturgical analysis originated in the work of _____. A: Max Weber B: Emile Durkheim C: Georg Simmel D: Jack Haas E: Erving Goffman

In 2003, the space shuttle Columbia broke apart upon reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere, due to damage caused by insulation debris. An engineer on the management team expressed his concern but was overruled when everyone went along with the person in charge. This was probably due to _____. A: bad timing B: groupthink C: poorly trained personnel D: not enough time to prepare E: out-groups

Studies of male/female communication in general support the understanding that A: gender roles to not extend to social interaction. B: it is not possible to study patterns of social interaction. C: one’s social status influences patterns of social interaction. D: there are not real patterns to social interaction. E: one’s social status has little impact on patterns of interaction.

The difficulty of simultaneously meeting the role expectations for being a father, construction worker, and husband is an example of _____. A: role strain B: cooperation C: stereotyping D: role conflict E: operationalizing

_____ are visual indicators of other people's social position. A: Norms B: Status cues C: Stereotypes D: Roles E: Emotions

The pressure to conform despite individual misgivings is sometimes called _____. A: network analysis B: social network C: groupthink D: inclusion E: exclusion

An area of space that is situated in the area roughly four to twelve feet away from someone is known as the _____zone. A: intimate B: personal C: social D: group E: public

Which of these statements about social groups is false? A: Their members identify with each other. B: They may involve intense relations. C: People may measure their conduct against them. D: They may impose conformity on members. E: Groups encourage members to be individualistic.

People who share a similar status but do not identify with one another are called a _____. A: social category B: status collection C: aggregate D: social group E: clique

In the early 1970s corporations from which of these countries were at the forefront of bureaucratic innovations? A: U.S.A. and Sweden B: Japan and France C: Sweden and France D: U.S.A. and Japan E: Sweden and Japan

Most people find it difficult to disobey authorities because they A: have feelings of loyalty and solidarity with others in the organization. B: are unaware that they are conforming. C: seek punishment. D: hope to be rewarded for their behavior. E: believe whole-heartedly in the rules.

A(n) _____ is a rigid view of a particular group of people, without regard to individual differences. A: role conflict B: status cue C: master status D: ascribed status E: stereotype

According to research conducted by Charles Derber, Americans usually try to turn conversations toward _____. A: important topics B: religion C: themselves D: others E: politics

The jobs done by _____ are most likely to require emotion labor. A: women B: men C: youth D: the elderly E: public officials

_____involves people obeying "feeling rules" and responding appropriately to the situations in which they find themselves. A: Emotion work B: Ethnomethodology C: Cooperation D: Emotion management E: None of these choices

The line from Shakespeare's play As You Like It: "All the world's a stage and all the men and women merely players" illustrates which theory? A: dramaturgical analysis B: rational choice theory C: symbolic interactionism D: neofunctionalism E: exchange theory

Who is most likely to provide the most useful information about employment opportunities? A: friends B: acquaintances C: close family members D: one's boss E: fellow workers

_____ are composed of one or more networks of people who identify with one another and adhere to defined norms, roles, and statuses. A: Social categories B: Social groups C: Bureaucracies D: Social networks E: Dyads

Such crimes as embezzlement, false advertising, tax evasion, insider stock trading, fraud, copyright infringement, and price fixing are all examples of _____. A: white-collar crime B: public-order crime C: street crime D: state crime E: victimless crime

The theory of deviance and crime that emphasizes the disparity between the value placed on success and the opportunities for achieving it is called _____. A: motivational theory B: constraint theory C: strain theory D: subcultural theory E: techniques of neutralization

The creation of justifications and rationalizations, such as an appeal to higher loyalties or condemning those who pass judgment on them, enables criminals to A: learn how to commit crimes. B: retreat. C: conform to broad societal norms. D: clear their consciences and commit crimes. E: get into graduate school.

Most crime is committed by A: youth in gangs B: men in their early 30s C: people who haven’t reached middle age D: pre-teens E: former convicts

Statistical bias in the way that crime statistics are collected is due largely to the absence of data on white-collar crimes in the official crime indexes. This makes it appear as if A: blacks commit a higher proportion of all crimes than they actually do. B: whites commit a higher proportion of all crimes than they actually do. C: blacks and whites have the same rates of crime. D: blacks are more involved in white-collar crime than most people realize. E: officials are overly concerned about white-collar crime.

Today, the United States government spends _____ times more on drug control than it did in 1980. A: 2 B: 5 C: 10 D: 20 E: 35

When people are _____ they are negatively evaluated because of a marker that distinguishes them from others. A: conforming B: stigmatized C: deviant D: compliant E: reactive

Which of the following is the most cost effective drug policy? A: drug testing in schools and employment B: stopping drugs at the border C: arresting drug traders and users D: drug prevention and treatment E: controlling the drug trade abroad

Susan B. Anthony and Martin Luther King, Jr. were both considered deviant and criminal in their lifetimes but are not considered deviant and criminal today. This illustrates that definitions of deviance and crime A: remain constant. B: change over time. C: are dependent on the issue at stake. D: are always political. E: only apply to minority group members.

How has the diagnosis of mental illness changed since the 19th century? A: there are many more possibly mental health diagnoses today than in the 19th century B: today Americans are more comfortable turning their problems into medical or psychological conditions than in an earlier century C: institutions like the family, religion, and the government are much stronger and more involved in the treatment of mental health issues than ever before D: the higher standard of living today has reduced stress and reduced the incidence of mental health diagnoses E: the number of formal diagnoses in the DSM has shrunk from almost 300 to just 50

Which of these is not consider an explanation for lower crime rates after the 1990s? A: tougher penalties and incarceration of more criminals B: more police were put on the streets C: communities established their own systems of surveillance and patrol D: the number of young men in the population declined E: the economic expansion of the 1990s

Which of the following is not a factor in explaining the decline of crime in the 1990s? A: more police were put on the streets B: communities established their own systems of surveillance and patrol C: the number of young men in the population declined D: the economic expansion of the 1990s E: decreased police surveillance results in fewer arrests on record

Depriving people of their freedom by putting them in prison is A: the primary form of punishment in pre-agricultural tribal societies. B: considered less inhumane than other forms of punishment, within industrialized societies. C: falling out of favor and used much less often today than 50 years ago. D: most strongly associated with agricultural society. E: more humane than the medicalization of most forms of deviance.

Mild sanctions such as raising eyebrows or ostracism, are called _____. A: informal punishment B: formal punishment C: stigmatization D: social sanctions E: informal and formal punishment

The sociological term for the ability to carry out one’s will against the resistance of others is _____. A: power B: authority C: legitimacy D: social control E: crime

FBI crime statistics show that since 1990 A: the rates for all forms of major crime began to fall. B: a dramatic increase in serious crime. C: twice as many Americans have been victims of crime. D: no change in the rates or trends of crime. E: only the rate of victimless crime has decreased.

A major consequence of the War on Drugs in the U.S. since the 1980s is A: an extreme reduction in the number of hard-core drug users in the U.S. B: a lack of available illegal drugs in the U.S. C: a dramatic increase in the incarceration rate for non-violent offenders D: application of the European model of decriminalization of formerly illegal drugs E: an end to the illegal drug trade in the U.S.

Which of these statements regarding race and the criminal justice system is false? A: a disproportionate number of street crimes are committed by African Americans B: a disproportionate number of white-collar crimes are committed by whites C: the rate of imprisonment for young white men and young black men is equal D: the criminal justice system tends to be more zealous in arresting and convicting African American offenders than white offenders E: poverty is associated with higher crime rates and African Americans are disproportionately poor

A crimes that are generally committed on the job by people with respectability and high social status are called _____. A: street crime B: public-order crime C: white-collar crime D: victimless crime E: state crime

In recent years, the American public, lawmakers, and officials in the criminal justice system have been motivated by strong fears that crime poses a grave and immediate threat to society. What is the sociological term for this condition? A: a moral panic B: normalcy C: cultural lag D: social disaster E: value crisis

_____ are not just political groups but, more generally, organizations that seek to impose their will on others. A: Social classes B: Status groups C: Parties D: White-collar employees and professionals E: Intellectual workers

If you are not wealthy, but do well in school and are able to obtain a very high paying job, your social position would be based on _____. A: achievement B: luck C: caste D: ascription E: power

The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed a decline in agriculture and the rise of manufacturing, resulting in many fewer farmers and a corresponding surge in the number of factory workers. Mobility due to such changes in jobs is called _____. A: intergenerational mobility B: intragenerational mobility C: structural mobility D: organizational mobility E: individual mobility

Social stratification is the term for A: what a person owns, minus their debt. B: the difference in earnings between workers and corporate executives. C: the way society organizes people into layers based on their resources and status. D: the way that the countries of the world are interconnected. E: the ability to move between social classes.

When sociologists compare the differences in the gap between rich and poor within countries, they are studying _____. A: social inequality B: global inequality C: gross international product D: cross-national variations in internal stratification E: globalization of stratification

The text suggests that shipwrecks are used as a backdrop in literature and film for stories involving social class differences because A: inequality only disappears when society as we know it disappears. B: inequality is widespread in island cultures. C: shipwrecks are symbolic of how life is complicated. D: shipwrecks are romantic. E: social structure is evident on cruise ships.

Class position in a stratification system is determined by _____, according to Max Weber. A: ownership of the “means of production” B: ownership of land C: parties D: market situation E: status groups

The idea that some jobs, such as that of a judge, require more education and longer training periods and should thus receive more money and prestige, is central to which theory of stratification? A: Marxist B: Weberian C: functionalism D: conflict E: symbolic interactionist

In agrarian India, _____ divided society into groups and subgroups arranged in a rigid hierarchy, and required members to work in occupations reserved for those groups. A: classes B: castes C: parties D: socio-economic divisions E: income strata

In the story of the Titanic what was/were the consequence(s) of social inequality? A: young lovers were kept apart B: members of the upper class were given a better chance of survival C: the rich gave their lives for the poor D: people from all social classes worked together to save as many people as possible E: because they could not work together, everyone died

Marx called members of the class that owned the factories, land, and tools, or “means of production,” _____. A: the dumplenproletariat B: the troglodytes C: the bourgeoisie D: the proletariat E: the petty bourgeoisie

According to Blau and Duncan, stratification in America is based mainly on A: inheritance B: individual achievement C: luck D: social networks E: level of education

The approach to studying social stratification that examines the relative effects of family inheritance and individual merit on occupational achievement is called the _____. A: status attainment model B: stratification model C: socioeconomic index of occupational status (SEI) D: social status score (SSS) E: socioeconomic status (SES)

Researchers Blau and Duncan created the _____ by combining data on income and education. A: index of wealth B: index of income C: socioeconomic index of occupational status (SEI) D: social status score (SSS) E: index of socioeconomic status (SES)

In recent decades a substantial number of people have entered the upper-upper class. These people are sometimes termed _____. A: patrician B: the elite C: the power elite D: old money E: new money

The assets you own and control comprise your _____. A: money B: sense of self C: social organization of everyday life D: income E: wealth

Researchers have found that mobility within a single generation is _____. A: extremely rare B: increasingly common C: generally very modest D: impossible E: extremely easy

The idea that one can head a military, scientific, or other bureaucracy without being rich, just as one can be rich and still have to endure low prestige, illustrates the importance of _____. A: social classes B: status groups C: parties D: white-collar employees and professionals E: intellectual workers

The domestication of animals is a characteristic of which type of society? A: large scale agriculture B: pastoralism C: horticulture D: slash and burn agriculture E: foraging

The percentage of Americans who fall below the poverty threshold is called _____. A: the poverty rate B: the homelessness rate C: the plight of the poor D: individual inequity E: the Gini index

Many analysts argue that the world's rich countries and banks should simply write off the debt owed to them by the developing countries in recognition of historical injustices. How has this idea been received? A: no country in the developed world supports it B: the U.S. is the only country to support this idea C: former Canadian and British Prime Ministers, and former President Bill Clinton have supported this idea D: none of the poorer countries supports this approach E: most agree this would be impossible to do

The U.S. poured economic aid into South Korea and Taiwan in the 1960s. It also gave them special trade status and made low interest loans. This was because A: the U.S. felt responsible for the Korean war. B: the U.S. was making reparations after the war in Vietnam. C: South Korea and Taiwan were making technology products that were desirable in the U.S. D: these two countries were of strategic importance to the U.S. when it was feeling threatened by the Soviet Union and China. E: the U.S. has a system of rotation for countries to which it gives the greatest aid, and during that decade Asian countries received more aid.

The United Nations urges the world's 22 richest countries to contribute 0.7 percent of their Gross Domestic Product to development aid of poor countries. In 2001, only five countries reached that goal. Which of the following country has not reached that goal? A: Denmark B: Norway C: the Netherlands D: U.S.A. E: Sweden

Neoliberalism was a successful development strategy in the early stages of industrialization in which country? A: Great Britain B: Germany C: France D: U.S.A. E: China

Many countries in sub-Sahara Africa have problems with internal conflicts and war. One reason for this is A: the tribal peoples in these areas have cultures that value warfare. B: these countries lack natural resources which heightens competition. C: the former colonial powers drew boundaries to intentionally increase tribal tensions and warfare. D: rapid industrialization has increased income inequality among the people. E: increased standards of living from intensive development have caused a sense of unease among people.

One of the possible consequences of globalization is that it is _____ the world, making the whole world look like the United States. A: unionizing B: homogenizing C: colonializing D: liberalizing E: peripheralizing

Those who see globalization merely as homogenization are ignoring the _____ of the world, the division of the world into different and often competing economic, political, and cultural areas. A: colonialization B: modernization C: liberalization D: regionalization E: peripheralization

Which of these has not been a consequence of heavy investment by multinational corporations in the former colonies? A: the siphoning off of wealth in the form of raw materials B: low-paying jobs for the poor people C: higher paying jobs in the rich countries D: improving the well-being of people in the former colonies E: selling back manufactured goods to the poor countries

What is the reason that some anti-globalization activists suggest that globalization is a form of imperialism? A: globalization makes countries interdependent B: only the strongest countries are interconnected globally C: the strongest countries are not involved in globalization D: globalization puts the entire world under the control of power commercial interests E: it creates a lack of unity and cultural fragmentation

The process by which Philip Morris and other tobacco companies found global markets for their cigarettes demonstrates A: how transnational corporations are autonomous from national governments. B: it is better for business when embassies remain neutral on trade issues. C: that technological, political and economic factors work independently within the process of globalization. D: the importance of political actions in order to establish markets within a global economy. E: the need for a global anti-smoking campaign.

Which of these descriptions does not apply to McDonald’s seen as a symbol of U.S. values and business culture? A: a model of rationality. B: high paying jobs and extensive benefits for workers C: a symbol of the global spread of American values. D: the goal of optimizing speed and economy, while maximizing profits. E: doing most of its business outside of the U.S.

According to the text, the gap between the rich and the poor A: is greater in urban areas in the U.S. than in most places in the world. B: is worse at the global level than at the national level. C: has been decreasing. D: is best illustrated by average incomes in each country. E: in 1950 global income inequality was very low.

The three main trading blocs-- Asian, North American and West European--are dominated respectively by A: China, the United States, and France B: China, Canada, and the European Union C: Japan, the United States, and France D: Japan, the United States, China and Germany E: Japan, the United States, and Great Britain

In the 1970’s, the antismoking campaign in the U.S A: had the reverse effect of increasing cigarette sales. B: inspired tobacco producers to lower retail prices. C: sparked the pursuit of globalization by tobacco companies. D: was highly ineffective in influencing smoker’s habits. E: isolated U.S. corporations from the rest of the world.

What does the word jihad mean in Arabic? A: a strong work ethic B: striving or struggle C: violent resistance D: anti-globalization E: pilgrimage

_____ views economic underdevelopment as the result of exploitative relations between rich and poor countries. A: Modernization theory B: Dependency theory C: Glocalization D: Imperialism E: Globalization

_____ is a term created to describe the simultaneous homogenization of some aspects of life and the strengthening of some local differences under the impact of globalization. A: Colonialism B: McDonaldization C: Glocalization D: Regionalization E: Peripheralization

Today, the richest 1 percent of the population earns as much as the bottom _____. A: 10 percent B: 23 percent C: 48 percent D: 66 percent E: 80 percent

The U.S. intervened militarily in _____ to prevent land reform. A: Japan B: Korea C: Taiwan D: Latin America E: Africa

The idea of McDonaldization extends Weber's concept of _____, the application of the most efficient means to achieve given ends. A: colonialism B: globalization C: rationalization D: peripheralism E: neoliberalization

How does Robert Blauner's theory of internal colonialism explain racism and inequality? A: it traces the origins of racism to the period of colonialism in Africa B: it suggests that assimilation is prevented by segregation the colonized group in housing and all other social institutions C: it focuses on how some personalities tend to make people more racist that others D: it explores the impact that negative stereotypes have in the minds of members of racial minority groups E: it claims that minority group members are low-wage workers who threaten the economic wellbeing of the dominant group

The major cause of anti-Chinese race riots and laws against Chinese immigration was _____. A: stereotypes of the “yellow peril” B: drug-related crimes around the importation of opium C: the split labor market D: the creation of Chinese brothels E: WWII

_____ refers to a situation in which the dominant group gains almost complete control over groups with minority status in the same country, and seeks to destroy their culture. A: Exploitation B: Internal colonialism C: Colonialism D: Expulsion E: Symbolic ethnicity

Different groups of immigrants to the U.S. came during different time periods, arrived with different skills and backgrounds, and confronted varying degrees of prejudice and discrimination. These are examples of differences in A: values and beliefs B: race and ethnicity C: ethnic-racial conditions D: social-structural conditions E: effort and perseverance

According to the text, which two factors are likely to ensure the persistence of strong ethnic and racial identities into the future? A: outsourcing and a dual labor market B: economic recession and possible depression C: discrimination and immigration D: traditional foods and clothing E: segregation and discrimination

The belief that a visible characteristic of a group, such as skin color, indicates group inferiority and justifies discrimination is known as _____. A: racism B: symbolic ethnicity C: assimilation D: scapegoating E: ecological racism

Which of these is not a way that ethnic group membership provides economic advantages for some Americans? A: members of ethnic groups receive more federal aid than other people B: it provides social contacts, and helps overcome language barriers C: members of ethnic groups may serve as customers, employees, and suppliers for each other D: members may inherit businesses from their families keeping them within the group E: members may rely on each other for housing

A collection of people who differ from one another in terms of language, religion, customs, values, ancestors, and the like is known as a(n) _____. A: racist B: ethnic group C: stereotype D: subculture E: racial group

The U.S. government took all of these actions against the Native American population, except_____. A: expulsion B: enslavement C: genocide D: internal colonialism E: forced assimilation

What industry(s) in the American South depended completely on the labor of enslaved Africans and their offspring? A: manufacturing B: textile mills C: domestic service D: tobacco and cotton E: corn and cattle

Malcolm X argued that it doesn’t matter to a racist whether an African American is a professor or a panhandler, because A: racism is no longer a powerful force in the United States. B: racial identities are flexible to everyone. C: racial identities are compulsory where racism is common. D: race is only at the forefront of a racist’s self-identity. E: economic achievement is not important to Americans.

The meaning of the term “Hispanic American” was established A: out of social necessity and is still being socially constructed. B: when Hispanic Americans came to the United States. C: by an act of the U.S. Congress. D: by the Census Bureau. E: by Mexican Americans.

The sociological term for the retention of racial and ethnic culture combined with equal access to social resources is _____. A: assimilation B: pluralism C: amalgamation D: separate but equal E: integration

Which of these was not a result from the Civil Rights movements and legislation of the 1960s? A: new housing, educational, and employment opportunities for African Americans. B: equalization of income and educational levels. C: liberalization of immigration laws. D: inter-ethnic conflict over housing, schools and control of federal legislation. E: the white-ethnic revival or renewed interest in ethnic roots.

An attitude that leads someone to judge a person on his or her group’s real or imagined characteristics is called _____. A: prejudice B: discrimination C: genocide D: norm E: ethnic group

In the United States, the people with the most freedom to choose their ethnic or racial identity are A: recent European immigrants. B: white Americans whose ancestors came from Europe more than two generations ago. C: Hispanic Americans from Cuba. D: African Americans. E: Jews.

In the 2010 Census, about _____ Americans indicated they were multiracial. A: 900,000 B: 2 million C: 6 million D: 9 million E: one-fourth of

According to Brym and Lie, ethnic values and other elements of ethnic culture have less of an effect on the way people behave than we commonly believe because A: of the insignificance of ethnic identity. B: of the flexibility of culture. C: social structural differences typically underlie cultural differences. D: genetic differences typically underlie cultural differences. E: they are racial not social.

Many Cuban immigrants receive support from well-established and prosperous Cuban-American ethnic enclaves. Because of this support A: many Cuban immigrants achieve middle-class status relatively quickly. B: many Cuban immigrants stay in the working-class. C: many Cuban immigrants soon leave their ethnic enclave. D: Cuban Americans all reside in the same area. E: Cuban Americans are not welcome outside of Florida.

In 1882, the U.S. Congress prohibited immigration of _____. A: Irish, Italians, and Jews B: lunatics, idiots, and Chinese C: Eastern Europeans, Southern Europeans, and Irish D: paupers, the mentally ill, and Japanese E: anyone not from western Europe

Which of these is not noted as a contributing factor in the gender gap in earnings? A: gender discrimination B: career interruptions due to heavy domestic responsibilities C: consistently less effort on the part of women who think they should work as hard as men D: women’s tendency to be concentrated in low wage occupations and industries E: the tendency to consider work done by women less valuable than work done by men

In 2010 women over the age of 15 and working fulltime in paid employment earned _____ of the income earned by men. A: 58 percent B: 66 percent C: 75 percent D: 81 percent E: 98 percent

How prevalent is being transsexual? A: about 1 in every 1000 people B: about 1 in every 5000 people C: about 1 in every 10,000 people D: about 1 in every 20,000 people E: about 1 in every 30,000 people

The term for people who prefer sexual partners of both sexes is _____. A: transsexuals B: homosexuals C: transvestites D: cross dressers E: bisexuals

Research on school children by sociologist Barrie Thorne indicates that A: children are actively engaged in constructing their gender roles. B: children passively respond to adult demands. C: gender boundaries are exceptionally rigid among children. D: boys and girls are fully committed to gendered activities at school and at home. E: boys and girls are unable to cooperate until they are in their late teens.

Your _____ depends on whether you were born with distinct male or female genitals and a genetic program that released either male or female hormones to stimulate the development of your reproductive system. A: self B: gender C: sex D: gender identity E: gender role

According to some researchers, if gender reassignment occurs before the age of _____ it is usually successful. A: 6 months B: 1 year C: 18 months D: 3 years E: 5 years

The view that a woman has a bigger investment than a man in ensuring the survival of their offspring because a woman can only give birth to a maximum of about 20 children, is associated with which theory? A: feminism B: conflict theory C: constructionism D: evolutionary psychology E: symbolic interactionism

The text argues that even if more qualified women are hired, this will not be enough to end gender discrimination in employment. The two major barriers to equality discussed in the text are _____. A: sexual harassment and the glass ceiling B: rape and sexual harassment C: disproportionate domestic labor and devalued occupations D: having children and lack of health care E: gender socialization and the glass ceiling

Research shows that babies first develop a vague sense of being a boy or a girl at about the age of _____. A: six months B: one year old C: two years old D: three years old E: five years old

The two occupations with the highest percentage of women in 2010 were _____. A: bookkeepers and accountants B: customer service representatives and retail salespersons C: secretaries and administrative assistants D: lawyers and pharmacists E: elementary school teachers and managers of sales workers

Social situations in which rape becomes more likely to occur all share a common characteristic. What is it? A: they all occur on the job B: they are situations in which women are behaving in a provocative manner C: they all emphasize aggressive and dominant masculinity D: they are situations in which women are relatively equal to men E: they are situations in which women’s greater power leaves men frustrated

Which type of theorist believes that all humans instinctively try to ensure their genes are passed on to future generations? A: conflict theorists B: sociobiologists C: feminist theorists D: sociologists E: symbolic interactionists

According to the text, babies born with ambiguous genitals are called _____. A: intersexed B: transsexuals C: bisexuals D: homosexuals E: asexuals

The extent of gender discrimination is sometimes described using women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s earnings. This known as the _____. A: sex ratio B: female-male earnings ratio C: the double shift D: gender ratio E: discrimination

The feelings, attitudes, and behaviors typically associated with being male or female are termed one’s _____. A: hormones B: gender C: sex D: gender identity E: gender role

Your identification with, or sense of belonging to, a particular sex – biologically, psychologically, and socially is called _____. A: hormones B: gender C: sex D: gender identity E: gender role

Which of these is not one of the reasons discussed in the text that explains anti-gay violence? A: some anti-gay crimes may be caused by repressed homosexual feelings on the part of the aggressor B: anti-gay aggressors felt certain they would not be prosecuted due to public attitudes against homosexuals C: some anti-gay assaults are committed for fun or out of boredom D: some aggressors felt they were defending themselves from aggressive sexual propositions E: some of the perpetrators claimed they wanted to punish homosexuals for perceived moral transgressions

The functionalist perspective supports essentialism because it A: sees gender inequality as a dysfunction that grows out of class conflict. B: women and men’s separate gender roles as complementary and functional for society. C: argues women can be as aggressive as men when faced with threats and competition. D: views gender roles as biologically determined and unchanging. E: acknowledges that many single women and lower-income married women have always had to fill the role of breadwinner.

What is the term for sets of interrelated ideas about what constitutes appropriate masculine roles, feminine roles, and behavior? A: gender identity B: gender ideology C: gender D: gender roles E: gender attribution

In which type of violence are women more often the perpetrator? A: common couple violence B: intimate terrorism C: violent resistance D: child abuse E: there is no evidence that women are ever more likely the perpetrator

The number of divorces that occur in a year for every 1,000 people in the population is the _____. A: divorce rate B: marriage rate C: total fertility rate D: family rate E: nuptiality index

Which of these is true about the relationship between marital satisfaction and sexual compatibility? A: the relationship between marital satisfaction and sexual compatibility is reciprocal B: marital satisfaction improves one’s sex life, not vice versa C: being sexually compatible improves one’s marriage, not vice versa D: there is no relationship between marital satisfaction and sexual compatibility E: sociologists have not investigated the role of sexuality in marriage

What is the system of male dominance, and norms that justify it in all aspects of society, called? A: gender B: gender inequality C: social stratification D: patriarchy E: matriarchy

Sociologists Randall Collins and Scott Coltrane argue that if abortion rights are repealed A: all women will be impacted equally. B: this would have no impact on upper and middle class white women. C: this would effectively bring an end to the practice of abortion. D: this would have a disproportionately negative impact on poor women and unwanted children. E: there will be little or no impact over the long term in the U.S.

The substantial sociological research on cohabitation has found that A: about 25 percent of households are cohabiting couples. B: about half of cohabiting couples have children living with them. C: most people who are married have never cohabited. D: the rate of cohabitation has remained constant since the 1970s. E: cohabitation before marriage protects against divorce.

A family composed of a cohabiting man and woman who maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and have at least one child is called a(n) _____. A: extended family B: nuclear family C: avuncular family D: global nuclear family E: postmodern family

Things like financial assets, values, knowledge and status, that people bring with them to the “marriage market” are called _____. A: market value B: resources C: dating assets D: financial attractions E: wealth

Some research shows that divorce leads to negative behavioral problems for children. The findings of these studies have been questioned because A: the studies were only investigating black and Hispanic families. B: the research only looked at outcomes for white families. C: negative behavior was not properly operationalized. D: the research was conducted on families seeking counseling who were not representative of the population. E: the researchers failed to consider changes in school districts and friendship networks for children.

Sociologists believe that the process of falling in love and choosing a mate A: is completely random. B: depends primarily on individual psychology. C: is influenced by social forces. D: is a matter of personal choice. E: cannot be studied.

Which of the following is not one of the five main functions of marriage and the nuclear family? A: sexual regulation B: economic cooperation C: reproduction D: political cooperation E: socialization

The idea that love should be important in the choice of a marriage partner first gained credibility in the 1700s in England with the rise of _____. A: liberalism and individualism B: collectivism C: Calvinism D: concern for community welfare E: heterosexuality

The percentage of married-couple families decreased between 1950 and the late 1990s. In addition, a large percentage of women over the age of 16 entered the paid labor force between 1950 and the late 1990s. As a result A:eight out of ten American adults live in traditional nuclear families. B: a minority of American adults live in traditional nuclear families. C: roughly the same number of American adults lived in traditional nuclear families in 2000 as in 1950. D: against all odds, traditional nuclear families have greatly increased in number. E: nine out of ten Americans now lives in nuclear families.

Concern about the decline of the family in America A: began in the 1960s with the women’s movement. B: has been expressed off and on since early in the history of the nation. C: began with the increase in divorce in the 1970s. D: is more prevalent among men than women. E: has not been an issue for some time now.

Which of the following is a factor that shrinks the gender gap between husbands and wives in housework, childcare, and senior care? A: The husband and the wife have similar responsibilities at work. B: The husband and wife are about the same age. C: The husband and wife earn about the same income from work in the paid labor force. D: How many children the couple has. E: No factors shrink the gender gap between husbands and wives in housework, childcare, and senior care.

Now that women are commonly participating in paid employment, American men do about _____ of the housework and childcare. A: 10 to 15 percent B: 20 to 35 percent C: 35 to 48 percent D: 50 percent E: men are still largely uninvolved in housework and childcare

Laws were changed in the 1960s to make divorce easier and divide property between divorcing spouses more equitably. This resulted in A: an increase in the divorce rate. B: a decrease in the divorce rate. C: an increase in the rate of marriage. D: widespread legal appeals of these relaxed divorce laws. E: radical shifts in attitudes toward open marriages.

Conflict and feminist sociologists contend that family structures are changing A: to accommodate the demands of new social pressures. B: to evolve the species. C: to the detriment of quality of life. D: to return to fundamental norms and values. E: in ways that will ultimately disadvantage children.

Lesbian couples with children record _____ satisfaction with their partnerships compared to lesbian couples without children. A: lower B: higher C: the same D: more sporadic E: decreasing

Half of all divorces take place by the end of which year of the marriage? A: 1st B: 4th C: 7th D: 10th E: 13th

Religious organizations such as Baptists, Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians are examples of _____. A: sects B: ecclesia C: denominations D: cults E: sectarian churches

Members of what kind of religious organizations choose to separate themselves from society and frequently follow strictly enforced rules concerning dress, diet, prayer, and intimate contact with outsiders? A: churches B: sects C: cults D: denominations E: cloisters

In the Supreme Court cases Gratz and Hamacher v. Bollinger et al., and Grutter v. Bollinger et al. what was the position of the plaintiffs? A: that the University of Michigan failed to grant equal access to students of color B: that white students were being denied equal protection because of accommodations made for students of color C: that legacy students should not be given any additional points in the admission process D: that the “development factor” in application review should be discontinued E: that the GI Bill was discriminatory

According to Durkheim, when people come together and experience the sharing of values and sentiments, they are creating _____. A: the collective effervescence B: the collective conscience C: the transcendental D: the sacred E: the community conscience

According to Brym and Lie, civil religion may A: focus too much attention on the political system. B: divert attention from inequalities in society . C: focus too much attention on the poor. D: focus too much attention on the economic system. E: divert attention from established religions like Protestantism, Catholicism, Judaism, and Islam.

As material conditions improved for people living in medieval and early modern Europe, popular belief in magic, astrology, and witchcraft A: increased as a means of making sense of life. B: gradually lost ground as a force in people’s lives. C: came to coexist with Christian beliefs. D: replaced Christianity. E: took the place of medicine.

In the 2008 General Social Survey, _____ of respondents said they had no doubt that God exists. A: 20 percent B: 35 percent C: 41 percent D: 51 percent E: 62 percent

According to Weber, the Protestant ethic had wholly unexpected economic consequences. Where it took root, and where economic conditions were favorable, A: religious revivals swept the countries B: early capitalism grew robustly C: road construction increased dramatically D: churches proliferated in the countryside E: churches proliferated in urban areas

The Civil Rights movement in the 1950s and the 1960s had as its foundation _____. A: black churches B: historically black colleges C: the Equal Rights Commission D: the NAACP E: labor unions

In addition to the revised secularization thesis, sociologists explain the high rate of religious participation in the U.S. by using the _____. A: market model B: secularization model C: Protestant Ethic D: split labor market model E: state-sponsored religion model

Karl Marx stressed that religion A: failed to support the social order strongly enough. B: maintained social cohesion but failed to protect the upper class. C: often focused too much attention on those who are poor or underprivileged D: may cause a decrease in social inequality while it increases social cohesion. E: often tranquilizes the underprivileged into accepting their lot in life

_____ involves sorting students into high-ability, middle-ability and low-ability classes based on the results of tests. A: stereotyping B: Professionalization C: Tracking D: Credentialism E: Functionalism

According to data from the General Social Survey, church attendance is _____ among African Americans than/as European Americans. A: higher B: lower C: the same D: more infrequent E: less important

A religious organization that has endured for many years, formally trains its leaders, applies a strict hierarchy of roles, and has clearly drawn rules and regulations is called a(n) _____, A: church B: sect C: cult D: denomination E: order

Men and women who claim to be inspired by supernatural powers and whose followers believe them to be so inspired are known as ________________ leaders. A: charismatic B: authoritarian C: religious D: magical E: sectarian

Which of the following is false in regards to religion and inequality? A: all the major world religions have traditionally placed women in a subordinate position B: institutionalized religion has traditionally been the champion of the lower classes C: religion has generally supported class inequality once religion has become routinized D: the worlds major religions have all justified inequality in some way E: all major religions have experienced the routinization of charisma

Which of these is not part of the conflict perspective on education? A: the benefits of education are unequally distributed in society B: the best way to fund schools is on the basis of local property taxes C: education tends to reproduce the existing stratification system D: schools track children at the bottom of the class system into low and middle ability classes E: advantages go primarily to children from middle and upper class families

What did Weber call the idea that people can reduce their religious doubts and assure a state of grace by working diligently and living simply? A: the Puritan thesis B: the Protestant ethic C: the spirit of capitalism D: Protestantism E: the opium of the people

Research suggests that programs aimed at increasing school budgets and encouraging local initiatives to improve schooling need to be augmented by policies that A: offer school vouchers B: improve the social environment of young, disadvantaged children C: do not invest money and resources in inner-city schools that cannot be salvaged D: eliminate preschools E: transport students between previously segregated schools

_____ refers to the number of years of school students complete. A: Educational attainment B: Educational achievement C: Educational status D: A diploma E: A degree

The social conditions leading to the formation of lynch mobs, riots, and other types of non-routine behavior is part of the study of _____. A: economic sociology B: collective action and social movements C: political institutions D: demography E: cohort behavior

Which of these is not a requirement for the creation of a social movement? A: a relatively stable membership B: money to hire personnel C: a commitment of extensive time and energy D: an exclusive focus on short-term actions like demonstrations E: a commitment to routine activities like publicity and campaigns

Collective action that is usually nonviolent and follows established patterns of behavior in bureaucratic social structures is called _____. A: non-routine collective actions B: general collective action C: democratic collective action D: routine collective action E: socially stable protest

Because breakdown theory sees collective action as a form of social imbalance caused by social institutions not working, it is considered a type of _____. A: conflict theory B: functionalism C: symbolic interactionism D: political process E: postmodern theory

The globalization of production that began in the 1970s put American blue-collar workers in direct competition for jobs with _____. A: overseas workers B: low-wage domestic workers C: information workers D: service workers E: high-tech production facilities

Government action in the United States has limited opportunities for union growth since the end of World War II because A: the government has focused legislation on worker’s rights. B: anti-union legislation was passed by Congress. C: the government has focused efforts on increasing the minimum wage. D: nearly all administrations have been Republican. E: nearly all administrations have been Democratic.

Until the 1970s, sociologists believed that at least one of three preconditions were necessary for non-routine collective action to take place. One, a group of people must be economically deprived or socially rootless. Two, the norms of a group must be disrupted. And, thirdly A: group members must lose their capacity to act rationally by getting caught up in the inherent madness of the crowd. B: a strong leader must step forward in order to direct the action. C: there needed to be a direct confrontation with an authority, such as the police. D: the temptation for some sort of immediate financial or material gain must be present. E: they needed to believe that their action would be successful.

In general, the formation of social movements A: occurs when people rebel immediately after some type of social breakdown. B: takes time in order to build a stable membership and organizational base. C: is fairly spontaneous and informal. D: happens quite frequently because are unhappy with so many different situations. E: occurs very quickly; organization is established immediately following discontent

People acting in unison to bring about or resist social, political, and economic change are engaged in _____. A: assimilation B: economic development C: collective action D: collectivization E: amalgamation

Congress passed a law in 1947 that prevented unions from forcing employees to become members or requiring union membership as a condition of employment. The law also allowed employers to replace striking workers. That law was _____. A: the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) B: the Taft-Hartley Act C: NAFTA D: the Labor Relocation Act E: the Riot Act

In the early 1880s, most lynchings were A: of black men. B: done in the northeastern U.S. C: of white men. D: almost none existent. E: carried out by the government.

According to Brym and Lie, people were predisposed to participate in the Neal lynching because of their _____. A: relative deprivation B: gender C: deprivation D: shared racist attitudes E: geographical proximity

Which theory of collective action explains the emergence of social movements as a process of taking advantage of changing circumstances? A: solidarity theory B: relative deprivation theory C: frame alignment theory D: new social movement theory E: breakdown theory

By 1920, industrial workers made up what percentage of the American labor force? A: 5 percent B: 15 percent C: 25 percent D: 40 percent E: 70 percent

Brym and Lie use lynching and prison riots as examples to illustrate the fact that A: much of spontaneous collective action involves lawlessness and criminality. B: collective action is only possible when law enforcement is not doing its job. C: social disorganization may provide the opportunity for collective action to erupt, but the action is still founded on social organization. D: the only way that social movements can become stable over time is if they begin under controlled and organized conditions. E: collective action is almost always disorganized.

Unionization in the U.S. reached its peak in _____. A: 1925 B: 1935 C: 1945 D: 1955 E: 1965

The process by which a group engages in increasingly more collective action as it gains access to organizational, material, and other resources is called _____. A: contagion B: social control C: frame alignment D: breakdown E: resource mobilization

If people participate in short-lived and sometimes violent protests, they are engaged in _____. A: non-routine collective action B: general collective action C: democratic collective action D: socially unstable protest E: collectivization

Making concessions to protestors, co-opting the most troublesome leaders, and violently repressing collective action are all examples of _____. A: resource mobilization B: political opportunism C: social control D: contagion E: deprivation

Unions have had great difficulty in penetrating which sector of the American labor force? A: blue-collar workers B: pink-collar workers C: white-collar workers D: red-collar workers E: migrant workers

A new way of life developed when millions of single-family detached homes were built for the corporate middle class outside the political boundaries of cities. This new way of life was called _____. A: coalitionism B: corporatism C: urbanism D: suburbanism E: exurbanism

Which of these statements that critique the concentric zone model is not true? A: the zones described by the model apply best to industrial American cities in the early 20th century B: the automobile contributed to the development of wedge-shaped zones along highways and natural boundaries C: the concentric zone model is overly focused on historical and economic power relations in the creation D: some cities grow up around separate nuclei, each with its own activity and groups E: the construction of radial highways has created a model that emphasized expansion of services from the city core to the periphery

The annual number of live births per 1,000 people in a population is called the _____. A: the crude death rate B: the crude birth rate C: the refined birth rate D: the total birth rate E: the birth rate

The group of early sociologists known for their detailed descriptions and analyses of urban life were known as _____. A: demographers B: the postmodernists C: the Chicago School D: the New School for Social Research E: the Frankfurt School

According to the theory, during which stage of the demographic transition do people want to have as many children as possible? A: transitional B: preindustrial C: mature industrial period D: early industrial E: postindustrial

Some analysts argue for spending more resources on birth control, and even forced sterilization, because without it the world faces poverty, famine, war, ethnic violence, and the growth of huge filthy cities. Brym and Lie argue that these observers fail to see A: that decreasing social inequality can help to control overpopulation. B: how forced sterilization actually contributes to overpopulation. C: how natural disasters are needed in order to control overpopulation. D: the relevance of the theories of Malthus to the present. E: that more births are needed to offset deaths caused by poverty.

For the 17 days of the Olympics, Atlanta closed its downtown to cars and operated public transit around the clock. As a result A: the performance of Olympic athletes improved. B: the performance of Olympic athletes was impaired. C: asthma attacks among children in the Atlanta area plummeted. D: asthma attacks among children in the Atlanta area peaked. E: global warming increasing.

The annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population is called the _____. A: the crude death rate B: the crude birth rate C: the refined death rate D: the total death rate E: the mortality rate

The enormous variety of plant and animal species inhabiting the earth is called _____. A: genetic pollution B: industrial waste C: biodiversity D: acid rain E: ozone destruction

From the perspective of _____ urban space is a commodity that is bought and sold for profit, like other commodities. A: the Chicago School B: the new urban sociology C: cultural geographers D: urban reconstructionists E: consumerists

The basic tool for analyzing the composition of a population in terms of the number of males and females in each age cohort is called a _____. A: population graph B: age-sex pie chart C: ladder of age-sex cohorts D: age-sex pyramid E: demographic graph

Sociologist Sheldon Ungar’s analysis of global warming indicates that A: people will make bigger sacrifices to deal with the problem only when a social scare occurs. B: people will make significant changes when asked to by a major celebrity. C: people are willing to be taxed at higher rates if they know it will help the environment. D: most people are willing to make huge sacrifices, they just haven’t been asked to. E: there is no immediate action to take that would improve the situation

By lowering the level of _____, the government of Kerala solved its overpopulation problem. A: class inequality B: gender inequality C: agricultural production D: health services E: immigration

Urban sociologists have studied patterns of migration in and around cities. One recurrent pattern involves members of the middle-class moving to the suburbs, with working-class and poor immigrants moving into the inner city. This pattern is a type of _____. A: human ecology B: differentiation C: competition D: differential organization E: ecological succession

According to Marx, overpopulation is the result of A: poverty due to the capitalist exploitation of the workers. B: poverty due to the exploitation of women by men. C: immigration of labor that is exploited, and also results in overpopulation. D: people flooding into cities looking for work. E: the unchecked growth of the middle class.

The theory that highlights the links between the physical and social dimensions of cities and identifies the dynamics and patterns of urban growth is called _____. A: zoned theory B: human ecology C: differentiation their D: the theory of differential organization E: socio-physics

At which stage of the demographic transition does the number of deaths per year begin to exceed the number of births? A: preindustrial B: transitional C: mature industrial D: postindustrial E: early industrial

Sociologists have documented a rich network of close ties and the creation of small communities by city dwellers. Because of this, they have been termed _____. A: urban villagers B: city folk C: community urbanites D: urban subcultures E: urbanites

Which of the following is not one of the features of the postmodern city? A: It is more privatized than the corporate city. B: It is more fragmented that the corporate city. C: It is more globalized than the corporate city. D: It is more suburbanized than the corporate city. E: It is more entertainment-oriented.

Which group of sociologists sees urban space not just as an arena for the unfolding of social processes like competition and differentiation, but as a set of new social relations? A: the Chicago School B: the new urban sociology C: cultural geographers D: urban reconstructionists E: consumerists

SOC 101 Flashcards

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