SOC Chapter 13: Education and Religion AND Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization Flashcards
(65 cards)
Credential Society
Chapter 13, page 411
the use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work
Mandatory Education Laws
Chapter 13, page 414
laws that require all children to attend school until a specified age or until they complete a minimum grade in school
Cultural Capital
Chapter 13. page 414
privileges accompanying a social location that help someone in life;
included are more highly educated parents, from grade school through high school being pushed to bring home high grades, and enjoying cultural experiences that translate into higher test scores, better jobs, and higher earnings
Manifest Functions
Chapter 13, page 416
the intended beneficial consequences of people’s actions
Latent Functions
Chapter 13, page 416
unintended beneficial consequences of people’s actions
Cultural Transmission of Values
Chapter 13, page 416
the process of transmitting values from one group to another;
often refers to how cultural traits are transmitted across generations;
in education, the ways in which schools transmit a society’s culture, especially its core values
Inclusion
Chapter 13, page 417
helping people to become part of the mainstream of society;
also called mainstreaming
Social Placement
Chapter 13, page 417
a function of education - funneling people into a society’s various positions
Gatekeeping
Chapter 13, page 418
the process by which education opens and closes doors of opportunity;
another term for the social placement function of education
Tracking
Chapter 13, page 418
the sorting of students into different educational programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities
Hidden Curriculum
Chapter 13, page 419
the unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Chapter 13, page 421
Robert Merton’s term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted
Grade Inflation
Chapter 13, page 424
higher grades given for the same work;
a general rise in student grades without corresponding increase in learning
Social Promotion
Chapter 13, page 424
passing student on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials
Functional Illiteracy
Chapter 13, page 424
refers to high school graduates who have difficulty with basic reading and math
Sacred
Chapter 13, page 428
Durkheim’s term for things set apart or forbidden that inspire fear, awe, reverence or deep respect
Profane
Chapter 13, page 428
Durkheim’s term for common elements of everyday life
Religion
Chapter 13, page 428
according to Durkheim, beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community
Church
Chapter 13, page 428
according to Durkheim, one of the three essential elements of religion - a moral community of believers;
also refers to a large, highly organized religious group that has formal, sedate worship services with little emphasis on evangelism, intense religious experience, or personal conviction
Rituals
Chapter 13, page 431
ceremonies or repetitive practices; in religion, observances or rites often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred
Cosmology
Chapter 13, page 431
teachings or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world
Religious Experience
Chapter 13, page 431
a sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God
Born Again
Chapter 13, page 434
a term describing Christians who have undergone a religious experience so life transforming that they feel they have become a new person
Modernization
Chapter 13, page 435
the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies
