soc_225_20150123003529 Flashcards
(500 cards)
1
Q
The goal of criminology is ___.
A
Scientific.
2
Q
What is criminology?
A
The body of knowledge viewing and analyzing crime as a social phenomenon.
3
Q
What is the Castle Doctrine?
A
Deadly force is allowed if there is belief that they will e harmed.
4
Q
Everyone is affected by crime. True or false?
A
True.
5
Q
What is the Seduction in Crime Approach?
A
Crime in itself is seductive. People commit crime just because they feel like it.
6
Q
Besides the Seduction in Crime Approach, crime can also be committed as a result of ___ or a source of ___.
A
Need, income.
7
Q
What are the 6 major criminological perspectives?
A
- Classical/Choice Perspective. 2. Biological/Physiological Perspective. 3. Structural Perspective. 4. Process Perspective. 5. Conflict Perspective. 6. Integrated Perspective.
8
Q
What do Classical/Choice Perspective criminologists think?
A
Crime is a function of free will, and the choice to commit a crime is influenced by the punishment.
9
Q
In the Classical/Choice Perspective, ___ is a deterrence to crime.
A
Punishment.
10
Q
Deterrence Theory is the theory that the choice to commit a crime is influenced by the punishment. What are the three components of deterrence?
A
- Severity. 2. Celerity. 3. Certainty.
11
Q
What is celerity?
A
Swiftness.
12
Q
Give examples of severity, celerity, and certainty of punishment?
A
Severity is how long a sentence is, celerity is how quickly they are sentenced, and certainty is how likely it is that they would get away with it.
13
Q
What is an example of a charge where both severity and certainty are high?
A
Drunk driving.
14
Q
What does Classical/Choice Perspective assume?
A
Rational thought.
15
Q
The Classical/Choice Perspective supports the idea that there are ___ forces.
A
Situational.
16
Q
What is the Biological/Psychological Perspective?
A
Crime is a function of chemical, neurological, genetic, personality, intelligence, or mental traits.
17
Q
While no one believes that there is a single trait (DNA), many believe that a combination of nature and nurture can lead to ___ behaviour.
A
Criminal.
18
Q
The Biological/Psychological Perspective supports the idea that there are ___ forces.
A
Internal.
19
Q
What is the Structural Perspective?
A
Crime rates are a function of neighbourhood conditions, cultural forces, and norm conflict.
20
Q
The Structural Perspective supports the idea that there are ___ forces.
A
Ecological.
21
Q
What is the Process Perspective?
A
Crime ins a function of upbringing, learning, and control. Peers, parents, and teachers influence behaviour.
22
Q
The Process Perspective supports the idea that there are ___ forces.
A
Socialization.
23
Q
What is the Conflict Perspective?
A
Crime is a function of competition for limited resources and power. Class conflict produces crime.
24
Q
The Conflict Perspective supports the idea that there are ___ and ___ forces.
A
Economic and political.
25
What is the Integrated Perspective?
Combines the theories to explain crime.
26
Most people learn about serious crime from the ___.
Media.
27
What is the rule for news reporting? "If it bleeds..."
"...it leads".
28
Media coverage does not examine the ___ and ___ reasons behind the crime.
Social, structural.
29
What are some of the results of the misrepresentation of crime by the media?
-Crime is overestimated. -Fear of crime is higher than the risk of victimization. -Public calls for government to tighten laws.
30
What are the three factors observed for victimization rate?
Age, gender, and race.
31
Is race and crime correlated?
No.
32
Which age group has the lowest risk of victimization?
65+.
33
Which age group had a high rate of victimization?
15-30.
34
Men and women are victimized differently, How is this the case?
Men are often victimized by strangers, while women are victimized by people they know.
35
Media can also have positive effects. It encourages people to ___ ___ about crime.
Speak out.
36
Media can inflate the validity and accuracy of ___.
Forensics.
37
Television violence may contribute to crime; however, the viewer must already be ___ to commit crime, and must have access to a ___.
Predisposed, "teacher".
38
Differential Associations
Through interacting with others, one learns the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for crime.
39
Sensationalized school shootings may trigger a response from...
People who have already thought about it.
40
We are expected to follow rules, and expect...
Others to follow them as well.
41
Give examples of crimes that are not deviant.
Pirating music or jaywalking.
42
Give examples of deviance that is not illegal.
Not stopping to save a drowning person.
43
The Canadian approach changed from ___ ___ to ___ ___ test.
Community standards, harm based.
44
Laws are formal rules and regulations which exist as order can no longer be maintained by ___ ___.
Informal rules.
45
Legal definition of crime
An act which violates the criminal law and is punishable by fines, jail time, or other penalties.
46
White collar crime is typically engaged in by...
Middle to upper class persons in the course of business.
47
Does white collar crime fall under criminal law?
No.
48
Hagan's definition of crime proposes that crime and deviance should be considered as a ___ from most serious to least serious acts, based on 3 dimensions:
Continuum. 1. The degree of consensus that an act is wrong. 2. The severity of society's response to the act. 3. The amount of harm caused by the act.
49
What are the four major categories of crime and deviance?
1. Consensus crimes. 2. Conflict crimes. 3. Social deviations. 4. Social diversions.
50
What are the most serious categories of crime?
Consensus and conflict crimes.
51
What is Consensus Theory?
Posits that law represents a consensus among people within a society about what acts should be prohibited by the criminal law.
52
According to Consensus Theory, law is a ___ of values shared by most members of a society.
Codification.
53
What is Conflict Theory?
Rejects the idea that laws reflect a consensus, and instead perceive laws as a tool used by the ruling class to maintain their privileged position by keeping common people under control.
54
What are two examples of agreements under the Consensus Theory?
Paedophiles and murderers should be punished.
55
What is an example of how Conflict Theory oppresses people?
Prostitutes are punished unfairly, as there is a john school for men, but women are sent to prison.
56
What is the Highway of Tears?
A stretch of highway along which 18 women, Whermostly Aboriginal, went missing.
57
Where does Canadian criminal law originate?
English common law.
58
When was the Criminal Code of Canada established?
1882.
59
What are some functions of criminal law?
-Social control. -Preventing revenge. -Express social norms/moral beliefs. -Deterrence. -Social Order.
60
What is General Deterrence?
An attempt to prevent everyone from committing a crime.
61
What is Specific Deterrence?
An attempt to prevent 1 specific person from committing a crime again.
62
What is the difference between civil and criminal law?
Civil law is everything that is not criminal, and harm is considered private. Criminal law us when the state protects the public, and harm is considered public.
63
The burden of proof is higher in...
Criminal law. Must prove beyond a reasonable doubt.
64
What is the difference between summary and indictable offences?
Summary offences are less serious, and can be considered 'petty' crimes. Indictable offences are more serious, and tried by judge and jury.
65
For which offences are you free from prosecution after 6 months?
Summary offences.
66
What are the 2 basic elements of a crime?
Actus reus and Mens rea.
67
Both/One basic elements of crime need to be shown beyond reasonable doubt before a person can be convicted of a crime.
Both.
68
What are the 3 Actus reus elements?
-Conduct (ex. accused hit the person). -The surrounding or "material circumstances" (ex. the victim did not consent). -The consequences of voluntary conduct (ex. there was a non-trivial injury).
69
Is it possible to act against the law by not doing what is required of you?
Yes.
70
Mens rea refers to the ___ elements of crime other than voluntaries.
Mental.
71
Under the Mens rea, the person must ___ and ___ the consequences of his/her act.
Understand, intend.
72
What are the two types of Mens rea?
Subjective and Objective.
73
Subjective mens rea must show the accused deliberately ___ to bring about the consequences prohibited by law.
Intended.
74
Subjective mens rea must show that the accused subjectively realized that their conduct might bring about such consequences but...
Recklessly continued anyways.
75
Subjective mens rea must show that the accused was wilfully ___ in that they deliberately closed their minds to the obvious criminology of their actions.
Blind.
76
Objective mens rea must show that a person should be convicted because...
Reasonable people, in the same situation, would have appreciated that their conduct created a risk of harm and would have taken action to avoid this.
77
In the most serious cases, ___ mens rea is required.
Subjective.
78
What is transferred intent, and is it criminally punishable?
Not intending to kill the person you killed. It is criminally punishable.
79
In less serious cases, only ___ mens rea is required.
Objective.
80
For objective mens rea, there has to be a ___ departure from the standard of care expected of a reasonable person.
Marked.
81
Ignorance of the law is no excuse, but "___ ___ ___ ___" counts as an excuse.
Honest mistake of facts.
82
___ ___ persons lacking the capacity to forsee consequences may not meet the standard of objective mens rea.
Mentally disabled.
83
What does NCRMO stand for?
Not Criminally Responsible on account of Mental Disorder.
84
Responsibility of crime can only be laid on those who...
Understand their actions.
85
What are some other defences?
-Intoxication. -Duress. -Necessity. -Self-defence.
86
Give an example of how you do not need to commit an offence to be convicted.
Providing a weapon could make you a murderer.
87
Agreeing to a ___ ___ with others to commit an offence makes one a party to the offence.
Common purpose.
88
Only if ___ ___ is given to the other parties of the wish to abandon the enterprise is the person no longer liable.
Unequivocal notice.
89
How did the Charter of Rights and Freedoms affect Canadian law?
Empowered judges to declare invalid any legislation that infringes on an individual's charter rights.
90
What is an example of a law ruled invalid by the Supreme Court of Canada?
Abortion laws.
91
What is Mala in se?
Behaviours that are inherently wrong, such as incest.
92
What is Mala prohibitum?
Behaviours that are wrong because they are prohibited, such as obscenity laws.
93
There is a balance between being overly ___ and ___ criminal law.
Punitive, undermining.
94
Who fears crime the most?
Elderly people, especially women.
95
Correlation
A relationship between at least two phenomenons that are related, or occur, or vary together.
96
Positive correlation
As one variable increases, so does the other.
97
Give an example of a positive correlation.
Being physically active and being healthy.
98
Negative correlation
As one variable increases, the other decreases.
99
Give and example of a negative correlation.
Smoking and health status.
100
What is a Causal Explanation?
The inference that a change in one variable results from the change in another variable.
101
Correlation does not mean causation. Give examples of this.
Just because you are physically active, does not mean you are healthy. Just because you smoke, does not mean you are unhealthy.
102
Personal ___ does not make scientific findings untrue.
Anecdotes.
103
Causal relationship requires a ___ between variables.
Correlation.
104
A causal relationship requires two things. What are they?
1. Correlation. 2. Theory linking the variables.
105
Even perfectly matching curves can have nothing to do with each other. Give an example of this.
Crime and cows.
106
Is there always just 1 cause to crime?
There is usually no such thing as 1 cause to crime.
107
What does it mean when it is said that "crime is a young man's game"?
Young men are at the highest risk of being victimized, but they are also the most likely to offend.
108
Relationship between age and crime is stable over ___ and across ___.
Time, jurisdictions.
109
Criminal behaviour is highest between ___ and ___, with age ___ being the peak.
15-24, 18.
110
Are young people overrepresented or underrepresented in the criminal justice system?
Overrepresented. 18-24 year olds only account for 12% of the total population, yet are engaged in 30% of crime in 2010.
111
Different types of crime peak at...
Different ages.
112
Give examples of crimes that peak much later.
Gambling, fraud, white collar.
113
Give examples of crimes that peak later.
Criminal harassment, sexual offences, prostitution, sexual assault.
114
Self-report data suggests that the peak for crimes are ___ than official data suggests.
Younger (peak between 13-15, and declining after 17).
115
Age composition of the population affects/doesn't affect crime rates.
Affects.
116
Crime in Canada peaked in the ___ and ___ as a result of the baby boomers reaching their peak crime ages.
Sixties and seventies.
117
Immigration status and crime are ___ correlated.
Begatively.
118
What are some reasons immigrants do not get involved in crime?
-Do not want to risk deportation. -Many immigrate for a better life.
119
Maturational Reform
As youth moves into adulthood, the cost of crime increases, as they have more to lose as far as material goods, social roles, and integrations into relationships and collectives.
120
What are the two conflicting arguments concerning when people quit crime?
Sampson and Laub argue that certain life events must happen to grow out of crime through the Life Course Argument, while Hirschi and Gottfredson argue that with age itself, crime decreases (independent of everything else).
121
Sex and crime are/aren't correlated.
Are.
122
Name crimes that are almost always committed by males.
Sexual offences, unlawfully at large, weapons offences, break and enter, and violent crimes.
123
Name crimes that have the highest female representation.
Prostitution, fraud, and theft.
124
What was found when Adler's women liberating thesis was examined to see if the ratio between sexes had changed since 1960?
The gender gap remains substantial, but some convergence between sexes for robbery, burglary, and auto theft.
125
Immigrant crime rates ___ in the second generation as they ___.
Increase, assimilate.
126
Acculturation
As you immigrate to a different country, you take on culture but you preserve values.
127
Assimilation
As you immigrate to a different country, you take on values that are mainstream in the new country.
128
Hypothesis 1 to explaining rising female crime rates: As social roles of sexes become more ___, differences in criminal behaviour should diminish.
Equal.
129
Hypothesis 2 to explaining rising female crime rates: Most of the increases in female property crime is for petty theft and fraud. These are activities related to the traditional female role of ___ and ___.
Shopper and consumer.
130
Hypothesis 3 to explaining rising female crime rates: Increases in female property crime are due to their economic ___ and ___.
Deprivation and marginality.
131
Hypothesis 4 to explaining rising female crime rates: Increases is due to more formal ___.
Policing.
132
In Canada, race information has/hasn't been routinely collected in official police data.
Has.
133
Race is/isn't a good predictor of criminality in the U.S..
Is.
134
Among the ___, visible minorities as a whole are not overrepresented.
Incarcerated.
135
Which ethnic group is overrepresented in the prison system, and which is underrepresented?
Blacks, Asians.
136
Why might blacks be overrepresented in the prison system?
Genetics, position in society, racial profiling.
137
What is Labelling Theory?
If you release race data, those who are labelled as criminals are more likely to become criminals. Self-fulfilling prophecy.
138
Blacks are sentenced ___ and are ___ parole compared to their white counterparts.
Harsher, denied.
139
What are the 4 different forces influencing crime rates?
1. Report sensitive crime. 2. Police sensitive crime. 3. Definition sensitive crime. 4. Media sensitive crime.
140
What is report sensitive crime? Give an example.
Some people do not want to report sensitive crime, such as sexual assault.
141
What is police sensitive crime? Give an example.
Some people do not call police for crime, such as drug dealing.
142
What is definition sensitive crime? Give an example.
Sensitive to legislative policies. An example would be gambling.
143
What is media sensitive crime? Give an example.
Sensitive to media coverage. Examples would be psychopathic mass murderers, youth crime, and violent crime.
144
Statistics in the Canadian Justice System are obtained from...
Police reports, prosecutor and judge decisions, administrative records of prisons, and decisions on probation.
145
Who keeps track of statistics for the CJS?
Canadian Center for Justice Statistics (CCJS).
146
What is a Uniform Crime Report?
A system established in 1962 designed to provide uniform, comparable, and national statistics on crime.
147
Who responds to the UCR?
Every police department in Canada.
148
What is the difference between UCR version 1 and 2?
UCR 1 recorded aggregate summary information, while 2 is an incident based survey, which collects more detailed information.
149
Does the UCR include or exclude unfounded incidents?
Exclude.
150
Who decides if a crime has been committed?
The police.
151
What three components does the UCR contain?
1. Actual number of crimes reported as raw figures. 2. Percentage change in between years computed. 3. Crime rate per 100 000.
152
What is the formula for calculating crime rate?
(Crimes/Population)*100 000=Rate.
153
Say there are 610 homocides in 2010 in a population of 33 million people. What is the crime rate for that year?
(610/33 million)*100 000=1.84 people=~2 people.
154
Violent crime and property crime rates ___ through 1992 and then ___ or remained stable.
Increased, declined.
155
What is the Crime Severity Index?
Each offense is assigned a weight, which is based on sentences handed down by criminal courts. The more serious the average sentence, the higher the weight.
156
Why was the Crime Severity Index introduced?
To compensate for the overall crime rate being driven by less serious offenses, such as mischief, minor assaults, and minor thefts.
157
What is a victimization survey?
A survey of a random sample of the population where respondents recall their experiences as a victim of crime.
158
When was the first victimization survey carried out, and how often is it done?
1982, every five years.
159
A victimization survey gets at information on ___ incidents in the last 12 months, and people's ___ on the level of crime, their fear of crime, and their opinions of the ___.
Victim. attitudes, CJS.
160
According to victimization surveys, what percentage of people are victimized?
25%.
161
According to victimization surveys, what percentage of crimes are violent?
30%.
162
What was the rate of violent crime and household victimization like between 2004 and 2009 in Canada, according to the victimization survey?
Stable.
163
According to victimization surveys, are most Canadians satisfied with personal safety from crime?
Yes.
164
According to victimization surveys, ___ Canadians are more often victimized than ___ Canadians.
Younger, older.
165
According to victimization surveys, under ___ of crimes are reported to police.
1/3.
166
What types of crimes most often go unreported?
Trivial crimes, but also sexual assault.
167
Reporting most often occurs when there is...
Great financial loss.
168
Give a description of the typical victim.
Young, single, male, not working full time, and living an active social life.
169
What are self-report studies?
Asking criminals about what they do and how often they do it.
170
Where are self-report studies often done?
Schools.
171
What are self-report studies used for?
To overcome weaknesses in police data.
172
Self-report studies are instrumental in looking at the relationship between ___ ___ and crime.
Social class.
173
Self-report studies are usually internally consistent, as...
People are willing to report crimes that are not known to police.
174
What is an example in which crime is under reported in self-report studies?
Lower class and black males in the United States.
175
There was no real criminal justice system before the ___ ___.
French Revolution.
176
Theories of crime before the French Revolution were largely inspired by ___ beliefs and ___.
Religious, superstition.
177
The early theories of crime led to witches being subject to extreme punishment, which reinforced the power of the social ___.
Hierarchy.
178
Women that were independent without protection from a male were often labelled as ___.
Witches.
179
The early theories of crime meant that the judges could make arbitrary decisions, as criminal law was not ___ nor written down.
Defined.
180
Who is known as the founding father of criminology?
Cesare Beccaria.
181
What school of thought did Beccaria belong to?
Classical.
182
Beccaria initially joined the Accademia...
Accademia dei Transformati.
183
Which figures was the Accademia dei Transformati influenced by?
Montesquieu, Helveticus, Diderot, Hume, Rousseau, and Voltaire.
184
Beccaria later joined the Accademia...
Accademia dei Pugni (Academy of Fists)
185
The Accademia dei Pugni was disenchanted with...
Contemporary Europe.
186
What was the name of the book written by Beccaria?
Dei Delitti e delle penne (On Crime and Punishment).
187
What was the main point of Beccaria's book?
Justice should serve the people and not the monarchy.
188
Why was Beccaria's book written under a pseudonym?
Because the ideas presented in it were very progressive for the time.
189
Beccaria's book presented a theory for ___ ___.
Criminal justice.
190
The Classical Theory of Crime is based on ___'s work.
Beccaria.
191
The Classical Theory of Crime holds that people ___ enter a social contract to avoid living in a state that is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" (Hobbes).
Voluntarily.
192
In the Classical Theory of Crime, people trade ___ for ___.
Freedoms, safety.
193
The Classical Theory of Crime called for punishment to be set by ___, not by the arbitrary decisions of judges.
Legislation.
194
According to the Classical Theory of Crime, there would be no interpretation, just ___.
Application.
195
According to the Classical Theory of Crime, there should be two bodies: what are their roles?
To create laws, and to enforce them.
196
The Classical Theory of Crime held that laws should be ___ down.
Written.
197
What does the phrase "the punishment should fit the crime" mean?
To avoid excess and unfair treatment, punishment should only be as great as needed to be effective.
198
According to the Classical Theory of Crime, in order for punishment to be effective, it must be ___ and ___.
Swift, certain.
199
Why is celerity important?
Without swiftness, people do not receive punishment for what they feel guilty about.
200
Why is certainty important?
Knowing you will for sure get punished is more important than the actual intensity of the punishment.
201
Some/All people are liable to commit crimes.
All.
202
What is the idea behind the social contract?
Giving up rights for a more peaceful society.
203
According to the Classical Theory of Crime, punishment must be used just for punishment, not hope for ___.
Transformation.
204
What school of thought does Jeremy Bentham belong to?
Classical.
205
Who wanted the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers?
Jeremy Bentham.
206
Utilitarianism
All human actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing happiness and unhappiness.
207
Bentham believed that crime could be calculated by ___ factors.
Mathematical.
208
How did Bentham differ from Beccaria?
Bentham believed that crime can be calculated by mathematical factors.
209
What are the two types of deterrence?
Individual and general deterrence.
210
What is individual deterrence?
Trying to prevent a particular person from continuing to commit crime.
211
What is general deterrence?
Setting examples that deter the general public from committing a specific crime.
212
What are the 3 measures for individual deterrence?
1. Taking the physical power away. 2. Taking the desire away. 3. Make the person afraid of offending.
213
Beccaria and Bentham were part of the ___ school of thought.
Classical.
214
The rights of the accused, taking power away from judges, and punishment that fits the crime, not the criminal are all aspects of ___ criminology.
Classical.
215
What are some limitations of the Classical School of Criminology?
-Motive and circumstance are ignored. -There is no flexibility for personal considerations or mitigating circumstances. -The ideas of pain and pleasure are subjective. -The different states of knowledge, inequalities, mental states, and experiences are ignored.
216
What is the Neoclassical School of Criminology?
Maintains the main tenets of classical school, but calls for changes to a rigid classical system of justice.
217
Neoclassical School of Criminology held that criminals should be treated as ___.
Individuals.
218
What is the JDA?
Juvenile Delinquent Act, recognized that social factors can influence a young person into crime.
219
What is the YOA?
Youth Offender's Act, held that young offenders are responsible for their own actions.
220
What is the YCJA?
Youth Criminal Justice Act, held that youth are responsible for their own actions, and lowered the age in which young offenders can be treated as adults.
221
YCJA includes ___ programs for first time offenders.
Diversion.
222
Mandatory minimum sentences ensure ___ in sentencing.
Certainty.
223
There are certain crimes where, regardless of ___, the minimum sentence is the same.
Circumstances.
224
Mandatory minimum sentencing is aimed at reducing judicial ___ in sentencing, as well as disparities in sentences.
Discretion.
225
What is Bill C-10?
A bill that allows for up to 10 years for offence that is committed with a firearm and in connection with a criminal organization.
226
There is a(n) ___ in the costs of the CJS by increasing the prison population.
Increase.
227
Deterrence factor is questionable if...
No one knows about it.
228
Incarceration ___ chance of reoffending.
Increases.
229
When did positivism emerge?
In the first half of the 19th century.
230
What did positivists believe?
Crime was the result of natural causes that can be discovered through scientific methods.
231
Positivists rejected ___ school ideas that people are rational.
Classical.
232
Positivists believed that behaviour was a result of factors beyond...
The individual's control.
233
Positivists gathered ___ information to find out the relationship between factors and crime.
Statistical.
234
___ factors were initially discussed as crime causing, then later shifted to ___ factors.
Biological, psychological.
235
Who was a figure that had a significant impact on the positivist school?
Lombrosio.
236
Lombrosio and the Positivist School was also called the ___ School.
Italian.
237
Lombrosio noted ___ differences between criminals and non-criminals.
Physical.
238
Lombrosio applied Darwin's evolutionary theory to criminals who were deemed ___, or throwbacks, to an earlier evolutionary era.
Atavist.
239
In his time with the military, Lombrosio concluded that people who get ___ are more likely to break civilian and military rules.
Tattoos.
240
What is the name of the book written by Lombrosio?
The Criminal Man.
241
The main idea in The Criminal Man is that criminals are...
Born that way.
242
Lombrosio believed that anatomical signs of their apishness gave criminals away. Give an example of this.
Lombrosio believed that if the arm span of a man is greater than his height, then he is a criminal.
243
Lombrosio believed that different types of offenders had ___ stigmata.
Different.
244
Lombrosio believed that women had ___ stigmata than men, but were less criminal because of their maternal instincts, piety, and lack of passion.
Fewer.
245
What two categories did Lombrosio develop?
Criminally insane and criminaloids.
246
According to Lombrosio, what is criminally insane?
When a person is born normal then became a criminal through some change in their brains.
247
According to Lombrosio, what are criminaloids?
Habitual criminals and criminals who commit crime out of passion.
248
Why was Lombrosio's scientific methodology flawed? Give multiple reasons.
-Control groups were poorly chosen. -Statistical techniques were crude. -Measurements were sloppy. -Assumed that those in prison were criminals, and those who were not in prison to be non-criminals.
249
Charles Goring studied biological theories in the early ___ century.
20th.
250
___ ___ responded to Lombrosio's challenge, comparing 3000 non-criminals with English convicts.
Charles Goring.
251
Charles Goring found that there was/wasn't a distinct physical type that made people criminal or non-criminal.
Wasn't.
252
What did Charles Goring discover?
Those in prisons were psychologically inferior, and much less intelligent.
253
In the 1950's, William Sheldon developed the ___ Theory.
Somatotype.
254
Who developed the Somatotype Theory?
William Sheldon.
255
What is the Somatotype Theory?
A theory that says that body types (endomorphs, mesomorphs, and ectomorphs) are associated with different personality types.
256
According to Sheldon, which body type is most likely to commit crimes?
Mesomorphs.
257
According to Sheldon, why are mesomorphs most likely to commit crimes?
They are muscular types with aggressive personalities.
258
___'s research on the legitimate and illegitimate offspring of Marion Kalukak suggested that ___ and ___ were inherited.
Goddard, feeble-mindedness and criminality.
259
Who was the Goler Clan in Nova Scotia?
Multigenerational practisers of forced incestuous relationships and physical, sexual, and psychological abuse.
260
The Sexual Sterilization Act in Alberta was in effect from ___ to ___.
1928-1972.
261
There is no ___ factor for criminal behaviour, but there is for ___ ___.
Genetic, aggressive behaviour.
262
Strain Theory
Believes that people in society share goals, but people have different abilities to reach those goals.
263
Who is most commonly associated with strain theory?
Robert K. Merton.
264
Merton's academic career symbolizes the ___ ___.
American Dream.
265
Merton went to Temple University, then Harvard, and went on to teach at Columbia. He coined terms such as ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___.
Self-fulfilling prophecy, role model.
266
Merton was of the opinion that crime is a ___ phenomenon in society, just like schools, businesses, families, and religion.
Normal.
267
Emil Durkheim believed that crime is needed to generate solidarity. Would Merton agree with this view?
No.
268
In the strain theory, it is assumed that people strive for ___ goals; they pursue the American Dream, and believe that anyone can make it,. If someone fails, he simply needs to work a little harder and be patient.
Cultural.
269
What are some means necessary to fulfill the American Dream?
Wealth, respect, a good job, a family, a house.
270
What are "Legitimate Means"?
The way society instructs us with the "correct" ways to achieve our cultural goals. These means are believed, legally or morally, to be legitimate means.
271
What are some examples of "Legitimate Means"?
Go to school, get a good degree, etc.
272
In an ideal society, the legitimate means would be available to ___, and everyone would be able to achieve ___ goals.
Everyone, cultural.
273
However, contrary to an ideal society, Merton argues that the real world is different; people feel strain when...
They are exposed to cultural goals they cannot reach because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
274
According to Merton, opportunities are ___ distributed throughout society.
Differentially.
275
People do not question the inequality. Instead, they follow 4 modes of adaptation:
1. Conform. 2. Innovation. 3. Ritualism. 4. Retreatism.
276
Most commonly, when people strain against inequality, they ___.
Conform.
277
When people conform they do the best they can with the ___ available to them. They remain ___ to the belief that they will eventually reach society's goals, regardless of whether they ever reach them or not.
Available, committed.
278
With ___, if people find their advancement blocked, they may turn to alternatives to achieve their goals.
Innovation.
279
Innovation does not necessarily need to be ___.
Criminal.
280
Innovation is most likely to occur in societies where...
The ends count more than the means.
281
In both conformity and innovation, the goals are ___.
Maintained.
282
With ___, individuals reject society's goals, but remain committed to society's institutions of advancement.
Ritualism.
283
Which mode of adaptation would agree with the statement, "hard work is good in itself, it does not matter where it gets you".
Ritualism.
284
What is retreatism?
People reject both the goals advanced by the society, and its accepted means that get them to these goals.
285
Retreatists often drop out of society, and become ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___ ___.
Deviant and legal, deviant and criminal.
286
What are the goals of rebellion?
Seeks to replace the goals and/or institutional means of an unequal social system.
287
Unlike the four modes of adaptation, rebellion is not a response by an ___, but a ___ response.
Individual, group.
288
What are some things that Strain Theory can't explain?
-Gender differences in crime rates. -Crimes that are non-utilitarian.
289
What are difficult to explain under Strain Theory?
-White collar crime. -Criminal involvement of chronic offenders. -Access to illegitimate means may not be available. -People may not innovate when they feel strain.
290
Robert Agnew's version of Strain Theory focuses on ___ and ___.
Anger and stress.
291
Agnew maintains that people who experience strain might innovate only when they feel ___ or ___ about their blocked opportunities.
Angry or stressed.
292
What are some other indicators of strain that positively correlate with crime?
Unemployment, family break-up, moving, feeling of dissatisfaction with friends or school.
293
Who was Differential Opportunity Theory developed by?
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin.
294
Some say that Differential Opportunity Theory was a criticism of Merton's ideas. However, why is this not the case?
Merton supervised Cloward and Ohlin, and Differential Opportunity Theory was heavily influenced by Merton's later ideas.
295
Differential Opportunity Theory combined...
Strain and Differential Association (Sutherland) and social disorganization perspectives.
296
Differential Opportunity Theory claimed that the forming of subcultures is a solution to a ___ ___ ___.
Problem of adjustment.
297
Major problem of adjustment for lower class youths is the inability to have ___ success through ___ channels.
Monetary, legitimate.
298
Differential Opportunity Theory claimed that not everyone who faces disadvantages has the same access to ___ means.
Illegitimate.
299
Merton incorrectly assumed that people who do not have access to legitimate opportunities automatically have access to ___ opportunities.
Illegitimate.
300
Individual must be in ___ subcultures to learn illegitimate behaviours.
Deviant.
301
What are the three types of gangs?
Criminal, conflict, and retreatist.
302
What is a criminal gang?
There is utilitarian choice, older criminals serve as role models to youngsters.
303
What is a conflict gang?
Non-stable and non-integrated, and tries to gain reputation for toughness/violence.
304
What is a retreatist gang?
Given up on means and goals, try to be cool. Retreatist world of sex, drugs, and alcohol.
305
In the German streaming system, childrens' futures are virtually decided at age _, or ___ grade.
9, Third.
306
What are the three factions of the German streaming system?
1. Gymnasium. 2. Realschule. 3. Haupschule.
307
What is the Gymnasium?
An education that allows you to get an "Arbitur", which is the only degree that allows you to study at a college/university.
308
What is the Realschule?
An education that sets you up for vocational jobs, such as electrician, auto mechanic, etc.
309
What is the Haupschule?
An education that sets you up for lower vocational jobs, such as baker, hairdresser, etc.
310
The streaming system actively works against ___.
Immigrants.
311
In the streaming system, academic achievement and ___ are often overlapped.
Behaviour.
312
Who came up with the idea of Structure vs. Agency?
Glidden.
313
What is the idea behind the conflict between Structure and Agency?
Can I change things for myself independent of the system, or is it all structural (slave to the system)?
314
The Classical School lost its popularity in the __ Century.
19th.
315
The ___ School emerged to replace the Classical School.
Positivistic
316
The Classical School regained popularity in the 1970's, mainly through the ___ ___ Theory.
Rational Choice.
317
What did James Q. Wilson say?
There is a need to deter people, independent of where they come from.
318
What are some characteristics of people likely to commit a crime?
-Lack inhibition against misconduct. -Value excitement of breaking the law. -Have a low stake in conformity. -Are willing to take greater chances than the average person.
319
If people can be convinced that their actions will bring about severe punishment, only totally ___ people will commit a crime.
Irrational.
320
According to Rational Choice Theory, human behaviour is determined by ___.
Consequences.
321
"Human behaviour is determined by consequences." This statement exhibits how people commit crime if net rewards of committing a crime are higher than...
The net rewards of "non-crime."
322
The values of "non-crime" all lie in the ___.
Future.
323
What are the Choice Structuring Properties?
-Number of targets and their accessibility. -Familiarity with the chosen method. -Monetary yield per crime. -The expertise needed. -Time required. -Physical danger involved. -Risk of apprehension.
324
Rational Choice Theory differentiates between two distinct sets: what are they?
Offender and offence.
325
What is the offender composed of?
Specific needs, values, and learning experiences.
326
What is the offence composed of?
Location of the target and potential yield.
327
Rational Choice Theory is/isn't concerned with overall crime prevention.
Isn't.
328
What is Rational Choice Theory primarily concerned about?
Developing strategies that keeps perpetrators from committing a crime then and there.
329
What kind of drug dealing was studied?
Mid-level.
330
What is a question you must ask as an ethnographer?
What are your ethical and legal obligations?
331
What was special about the youth group studied?
They were older, all male, and seen as a drug hangout.
332
What are the 3(+1) factors that must be considered when navigating urban ethnography?
1. Legal framework. 2. Ethics board. 3. Moral/personal ethics. AND4. Maintaining a trusting relationship with your research participants.
333
As a researcher, you must be conscious of the fact that...
You are a researcher, and that you are not a social worker or a therapist.
334
What are the two types of deviance in interactionist theories?
Primary and secondary deviance.
335
Who came up with the two types of deviance in interactionist theories?
Lamert.
336
What is primary deviance?
We are infrequently deviant or criminal. Downloading music or smoking marijuana does not cause you to change your primary identity to criminal.
337
What is secondary deviance?
When deviance and crime becomes part of your self image. When you think of yourself as a criminal.
338
Between the two types of deviance, the biggest distinguishing factor is ___ ___.
Self image.
339
Some people take on a criminal label after they are labelled criminal by ___.
Others.
340
Who came up with the theory of differential association?
Sutherland.
341
What is the theory of differential association?
A theory that peers have influence on actions, connections, knowledge, etc.
342
Young men viewed involvement in drug dealing as a response to ___ ___.
Social exclusion.
343
A strong local identification and their distinct notion of purity and impurity are key factors for ___ ___.
Identity formation.
344
What is the argument concerning drug dealing being a long term solution or a transitional phase.
On one hand, the long term argument stipulates that drug dealers turn to dealing for long term security and profit. On the other, the transitional phase argument stipulates that drug dealers are simply going through a phase in their lives that they will eventually snap out of.
345
What is an informal economy?
Real and permanent solutions for immigrants and long term unemployed in bigger cities to make an income.
346
Literature in drug dealing suggests that drug dealing is just a...
Transitional phase.
347
In the German system, it was found that there was a strong tendency for employers to hire native Germans. The majority of immigrants did not have a high school degree. However, it was also found that many of the immigrants...
Did not make an attempt to find a job.
348
To the immigrants, the German society in general and employers in particular are perceived to be very ___ and ___.
Excluding and racist.
349
Many drug dealers continue to deal, as there are very few chances in ___ economy to make as much money as they do in the ___ economy.
Formal, informal.
350
Drug dealing for immigrants seemed to provide the necessary funds for maintaining their ___ much more easily.
Lifestyle.
351
A majority of drug dealers said that they wanted to quit drug dealing and ___ into mainstream German society.
Integrate.
352
Not only dealing is experienced as a ___, the lifestyle of a dealer is experienced as a ___.
Group.
353
Quitting dealing, in their mind, meant to ___ their friends, and the ability to spend time with them.
Lose.
354
In a drug dealer's way of thinking, the past and the future are randomly ___.
Separated.
355
What was the only reason that the drug dealers could think of that would convince them to quit dealing?
Wedding.
356
The fact that certain events could dissuade the drug dealers from dealing supports the ___ ___ perspective.
Life Course.
357
The Life Course perspective stipulates that...
Certain events that occur change your path in life.
358
What is boundary work?
Drawing a boundary to those who are below us, and making ourselves self feel better by juxtaposing ourselves to those who are below us.
359
Drug dealers obsessed over the idea of ___ and ___ women.
Pure, impure.
360
Drug dealers said that only a ___ woman would make them quit drug dealing.
Pure.
361
Drug dealers felt the need to keep their ___ pure from the impure life of drug dealing.
Families.
362
Drug dealers stressed the importance of marrying a "good" girl, who had to be...
A Muslim virgin.
363
How did the drug dealers operate on a double standard concerning purity and impurity?
They expected their future wives to be celibate, but had different expectations of those they slept with, and had different standards for men and women.
364
All drug dealers claimed that they could quit their dealer lifestyle if they found the ___ they would marry.
Woman.
365
Who came up with Social Disorganization Theory?
Clifford Shaw and Henry Mckay.
366
Shaw and Mckay grew up in rural America, and worked together in Chicago for over 30 years. They used ___ sociology.
Qualitative.
367
What are some contributions by Shaw and Mckay to criminology?
1. Collection of autobiographies of juvenile delinquents. 2. Research on the geographical distribution of delinquents. 3. Created the Chicago Area Project (CAP).
368
The Chicago Area Project was a ___ ___ project.
Crime prevention.
369
Shaw and Mckay found that there was a connection between the number of delinquents in one specific area and...
The social and economic status of that particular area.
370
Communities which had a high position in relation to their social and economic status had ___ crime rates.
Low.
371
Socially disorganized areas are characterized by...
A high diversity of cultural backgrounds.
372
Residents that live in socially disorganized areas are ___ and depend on...
Poor, the public welfare system.
373
Residents that live in socially disorganized areas are motivated to...
Move away as soon as possible.
374
Residents that live in socially disorganized areas move away as soon as possible. What does this mean (2 points)?
1. Current residents are not concerned about problems in neighbourhoods. 2. The area's demographies are always made up of people who have just arrived. The neighbourhood can never really "improve."
375
In a socially disorganized area, there is less uniformity, consistency, and universality of ___ ___.
Conventional values.
376
In socially disorganized areas, since there is a wide diversity of norms and standards of behaviour, there is no ___ of how problems should be dealt with.
Uniformity.
377
In a socially disorganized area, why are children more likely to get involved in crime?
They are exposed to crime at a young age, they are often a member of a group/gang and commit crime.
378
According to the systematic distribution pattern, the distribution of delinquency in the specific naighbourhoods...
Has not changed over the years.
379
The rates of delinquency are ___ near the inner city and decrease outwardly toward the more ___ areas.
Highest, affluent.
380
The inner city areas maintained high rates of crime over the decades even though...
The racial and ethnic makeup of the population changed over the years.
381
The people living in socially disorganized areas are abnormal. True or false?
False.
382
Social Disorganization Theory maintains that the people's delinquency is a reaction to the...
Abnormal social conditions around them.
383
What are some things that the Chicago Area Project does?
-Recreational problems. -Removing signs of disorder in the district. -Working with school and criminal justice officials. -Involving social workers. -Asking community residents to serve as councillors for neighbourhoods.
384
What is an ethnic enclave?
Poor neighbourhoods that have low turnover, and people are invested in the neighbourhood. Segregated by choice.
385
Give an exmaple of an ethnic enclave.
Chinatown.
386
Who geocoded the homicides in the 140 neighbourhoods in Toronto?
Thompson.
387
What are the two techniques used by Thompson to look at crime in neighbourhoods?
Bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis.
388
Based on the bivariate analysis, the neighbourhood homicide rates in Toronto were significantly correlated with...
An index of economic advantage, % young males, % owner occupied dwelling, % lone parent households.
389
Based on any analysis, neighbourhood homicide rates were not associated with...
% immigrants, % divorced males.
390
Based on multivariate analysis, the neighbourhood homicide rates in Toronto were significantly correlated with...
Economic disadvantage and % young males.
391
What is community resiliance?
The capacity of a community to successfully weather or adapt to economic, environmental, political, and other threats.
392
What is organizational capacity?
The resource stock of neighbourhood organizations and their linkage to other organizations in and outside the neighbourhoods.
393
___ ___ is the difference between resiliant and vulnerable neighbourhoods.
Organizational capacity.
394
What are some examples of organizational capacity?
Governmental and non-governmental social service agencies, schools, libraries, religious institutions, hospitals, police stations, voluntary NGO's, retail extablishments, etc.
395
What is collective efficacy?
The combination of trust and cohesion among community residents who share expectations about the importance and exercise of informal social control.
396
___ ___ includes the willingness of residents to get involved with, and act for the benifit of other residents. Reciprocal exchanges of resources and assistance, levels of trust and shared values.
Collective efficacy.
397
Is collective efficacy related to socioeconomic status?
No.
398
What is cultural capital?
Non-financial assets that involve educational, social, and intellectual knowledge provided to children.
399
What are some examples of cultural capital?
The personal investment of residents in education, exposure of residents to after school programs and libraries, discussions among residents of educational, vocational, and other future goals.
400
Social conditions, urbanization, and industrialization cause ___ ___.
Social disorganization.
401
Most offences are committed individuallt/as a group.
As a group.
402
Techniques for specific criminal offences are ___ through generations of delinquent groups.
Transmitted.
403
Criminal action is supported and sustained by the ___.
Group.
404
Deviance was most likely to occur when chances to improve social status are ___ than chances that the status may be lost by being caught.
Higher.
405
Policy implications are that communities must be ___.
Organized.
406
Criminality can be based on ___.
Neighbourhood.
407
What is Regent Park?
The largest and oldest social housing in Canada. Highest number of homocides in Toronto in 15 year timespan.
408
Gentrification.
Over time, all original residents will be driven out, and the neighbourhood will be taken over by middle-upper class citizens.
409
Revitalization.
Primary goal is to not drive people out. Social housing units will ne rebuilt, and everyone is welcome to return.
410
William J. Wilson said that...
If you have a space concentrated with impovrished people, that space will be the beginning of urban social problems.
411
In William J. Wilson's deas, the residents are ___, so no one can teach them better.
Isolated.
412
Social mix assumes that residents in disadvantaged neighbourhoods lack ___ ___.
Collective efficacy.
413
Social mix assumes that the social housing residents will benefit from the influx of...
Middle class "role models."
414
In Regent Park, most youth said that linkages between original and new residents was...
Non-existent.
415
The goal of social mix is to...
Bring about interaction, lowering crime rates.
416
Old residents of Regent Park said the area actually got less safe, because of the lack of a ___ ___.
Street code.
417
A street code...
Governs how you act on the street.
418
By taking some major players out of crime, crime actually ___, as ___ rules fall flat.
Increases, informal.
419
In the case of the Greyhound Decapitation, Vince Lee pleaded ___, meaning that he was...
NCRMD, unable to form mens rea to be legally responsible for crime.
420
What is the difference between sociological and psychological theories of crime?
Sociological theories focus on the crime rates of groups that experience frustration, the lack of opportunity, the breakdown of conventional value systems, and the formation of subcultures, etc. Psychological and biological theories focus on the individual.
421
The fact that disadvantaged people can be resilient to crime cannot be explained by the ___ theory.
Sociological.
422
Psychological, biological, and sociological theories compete against each other. True or false?
False.
423
Psychological, biological, and sociological theories search answers to ___ questions, while all being interested in the ___ act or behaviour.
Different, same.
424
Who came up with psychoanalytic theory?
Freud.
425
What is psychoanalytic theory?
Adult behavioural patterns are rooted in childhood development; behaviour and unconscious motives are intertwined.
426
Psychoanalytic theory holds that criminality is a representation of ___ ___.
Psychological conflict.
427
Who came up with moral development theory?
Kohlberg.
428
Moral development theory states that moral reasoning develops in _ phases.
3.
429
What are the 3 phases through which moral reasoning develops?
1. Pre-conventional. 2. Conventional. 3. Post-conventional.
430
Based on moral development theory, most delinquents function at the ___ ___ level.
Pre-conventional.
431
Who came up with the maternal deprivation and attachment theory?
Bowlby.
432
What is the maternal deprivation and attachment theory?
Children need to experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with mother/mother substitute to be securely attached.
433
According to the maternal deprivation and attachment theory, habitual criminals have...
An inability to form bonds of affection.
434
Who came up with the social learning theory?
Bandura and Patterson.
435
What is the social learning theory?
Individuals learn violence and aggression through behavioural modelling. Aggression is learned by direct experience.
436
Based on the social learning theory, ___ ___ can lead to criminal behaviour and violence.
Learned violence.
437
Who came up with the personality theory?
Yochelson, Samenow, Eysenck.
438
What is the personality theory?
Personality influences criminal behaviours.
439
Based on the personality theory, criminals are ___ people.
Angry.
440
Based on the personality theory, cirminals expect that they will/won't be held accountable for their acts.
Won't.
441
Based on the personality theory, criminals tend to score higher on ___, ___, and ___ personality disorders.
Psychoticism, extroversion, and neuroticism.
442
Based on the personality theory, criminals are ___ to develop a conscience.
Slower.
443
Who came up with the psychopathy theory?
Cleckley and Hare.
444
What is the psychopathy theory?
Psychopaths are pathological liars, self-centred, manipulative, and impulsive.
445
Psychopaths are more likely to commit crime, as they lack ___ for their victims, do not feel ___ about their criminal actions, and do not learn from or fear the ___ of their criminal behaviours.
Empathy, guilty, consequences.
446
In class, which two perspectives were focused on with respect to psychology and crime?
1. Mental disorder and crime. 2. Psychopathy and crime.
447
Because the concept of mental illness is constantly ___, it is difficult to decide whether offenders are mentaly ill.
Evolving.
448
Some psychiatrists suggest that mental illness should not be considered apart from ___ ___, and the two should consist on the same continuum.
Mental health.
449
Distinguishing between mentally disordered and healthy may not be black and white, as...
People move along the continuum throuhgout their lives.
450
Incarcerated adult males are _ times more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than non-incarcerated adult males.
7.
451
Whether or not other types of mental disorder are more prevalent among prison populations is debatable, because...
The prison sample is relatively consistent, but the sample from the public can be skewed.
452
What are the consequences that arose as a result of the de-institutionalization movement?
Mental institutions were emptied, and made ot possible for the mentally disordered to live in the community.
453
Why did the de-institutionalization movement provide problems for the police?
The police were not trained to deal with mentally disordered individuals. The CJS was not designed or prepared to deal with individuals with mental health issues.
454
People with major mental illnesses are _ times more likely to be victims of crime.
2.5.
455
The great majority of offenders are not mentally ill. True or false?
True.
456
Most offenders don't know the difference between right and wrong. True or false?
False.
457
What did Hervey Checkley determine about psychopaths?
Serious illness is present though patients may not appear to be ill. Initially may seem reliable and honest, but later they show disregard for truth, are insincere, and feel no sense of shame, guilt, or humiliation, Are manipulative.
458
Psychopaths seem not to learn from ___ experiences, and seem not to experience ___.
Negative, anxiety.
459
Psychopaths lack a sense of fear about ___ consequences.
Negative.
460
What is the difference between ritualist and retreatist perspectives?
In ritualism, individuals reject society's goals but remain committed to society's institutions of advancement. In retreatism, people reject both the goals advanced by society and its accepted means that get them to these goals.
461
What kind of gang commits income producing offences?
Criminal.
462
What is the difference between retreatist and conflict gangs?
Conflict gangs focus on violent acts, while retreatist gangs look to alcohol or substance abuse.
463
Which type of gang is labelled "double faults", and why?
Retreatist gangs, as they are not successful in neither the criminal nor violent world.
464
What is the difference between structural and cultural factors in strain theory?
Blocked opportunities, inequalities, and racial discrimination would be examples of structural perspectives, while the emphasis on the pursuit of wealth would be a cultural factor.
465
What is the life course argument?
Certain events need to occur to prompt you to quit crime (like finding the right girl).
466
What is the aging out of crime argument?
Age itself causes you to grow out of crime.
467
Collective efficacy appleis to the...
High mobilization in a community and the willingness of community members to stand up on behalf of the community.
468
Social Disorganization
Communities that are socially disorganized and heterogenous and experience high resident turnover.
469
What is corporate and white collar crime?
Incorporates violations of criminal laws, securities regulations, ethical, and regulatory issues.
470
Corporate and WC crime coverage in media is increasing/decreasing.
Increasing.
471
The financial cost for corporate and WC crime is much __ than the financial cost for street crime.
Higher.
472
Deaths and injuries are ___ in corporate and WC crime.
Frequent.
473
Sports scandals are corporate and WC crime when...
The organization has knowledge of the acts, and the acts are not just committed by individuals.
474
Besides differential association, what else did Edwin Sutherland come up with?
A definition for white collar crime.
475
How did Edwin Sutherland define white collar crime?
A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.
476
How did Sutherland use his definition of white collar crime?
To counter the typical crime theories of crime, such as strain.
477
What are examples of social injuries that arise from white collar crime?
Loss of jobs or family members.
478
Embezzlement, price fixing, insider trading, and theft of materials are all considered ___ ___ crime.
White collar.
479
What is embezzlement?
Stealing company money for your own use.
480
What are the two types of corporate and white collar crime?
1. Occupational crime. 2. Organizational crime (corporate crime).
481
What is occupational crime?
White collar crime committed by an individual or group exclusively for personal gain.
482
What are some examples of occupational crime?
Altering books, overcharging, cheating clients.
483
What is organizational crime?
White collar crime committed with the support and encouragement of a formal organization.
484
Which is more costly, occupational or organizational crime?
Organizational crime.
485
Organizational crime is, at least in part, intended to advance the goals of...
The organization.
486
What are some examples of organizational crime?
Pollution, price fixing, selling bad goods.
487
What is organizational crime also known as?
Corporate crime.
488
Workplace accidents and occupational deaths often are the result of employer carelessness or unsafe conditions, but penalties are very ___.
Light.
489
What is corporate homicide?
When people die due to the wrongdoings of the corporations. However, if the companies did not know about the wrongdoings, then it would not be considered corporate homocide.
490
Social class and white collar crime are ___ correlated.
Positively.
491
Basically, the higher your social class, the ___ likely you are to commit white collar crime.
More.
492
Who identified 3 components of middle and upper class lifestyle that contribute to white collar criminality?
Shover and Hochstettler.
493
What are the 3 components of middle and upper class lifestyle that contribute to white collar criminality?
1. Competitive spirit. 2. Arrogance. 3. Sense of entitlement.
494
Ownership and authority positions within a corporation provide power and freedom from ___.
Control.
495
Gains do not have to be in the form of money: they can also be in the form of...
Power or status.
496
In corporation disengagement, a corporation is a tool for...
Obtaining money from victims.
497
The corporation is a ___ person.
Juristic.
498
However, since it is impossible to imprison a corporation, punishments get diverted away from ___.
Individuals.
499
In corporate crime, there is an absence of ___ beliefs that discourage corporate criminals.
Cultural.
500
Ultimately, the board of directors is responsible for the company, but why is this difficult?
-In large corporations, it is hard to keep informed. -Executives may keep information from directors. -Board of directors are not required to uncover wrongdoing.
