soc_225_20150123003529 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Migrant workers are disadvantaged, as they do not benefit from the things that ___ ___ or ___ benefit from.
A
Permanent residents, citizens.
2
Q
In the case of migrant workers, the ___ enforce rules, and they have a vested interest in maintining the ability to hire foreign workers.
A
Employers.
3
Q
What is executive disengagement?
A
When employees do not inform superiors of certain actions in belief that superiors cannot be held responsible.
4
Q
Canada’s penalties for executives are more/less lenient than American ones.
A
More.
5
Q
Some argue that the criminogenic market structure causes white collar crime. What does this mean?
A
The market puts pressure on people to break the law.
6
Q
What is an example of an industry where the criminogenic market structure may cause white collar crime (a “forcing” industry)?
A
The auto industry, as there is a small number of manufacturers who all want their dealers to sell lots of cars at little profit.
7
Q
As a society, we treat ciroirate crimes ___ severly than bank robberies.
A
Less.
8
Q
There is a ___ conviction rate for those implicated of white collar crime, and even those that get convicted often do not get ___ ___.
A
Low, jail time.
9
Q
White collar criminals do not often go to jail because:
A
-They can afford good defence lawyers. -Laws are written in ways that disadvantage the disadvantaged. -Most perceive the individual cost of white collar crime to be small. -Individual fear is different, and people do not fear white collar crime as much. -There is little police effort to enforce white collar crime. -There is the problem of assigning blame.
10
Q
What is the Consensus View?
A
Society is based on consensus of how values among members and state protects general public interests.
11
Q
What is the central assumption in Conflict Theory?
A
Social norms and values made into laws are not agreed upon by the majority, but are only endorsed by the powerful or dominant groups in society.
12
Q
What is the basic argument for Conflict Theory?
A
There is an inverse relation between power and official crime rates. People less in power are more likely (and people with more power are less likely) to be officially defined and processed as criminal.
13
Q
Who came up with Cultural Conflict Theory?
A
Thorstin Sellin.
14
Q
What is the idea behind Cultural Conflict Theory?
A
Diverse cultural groups maintain distinct “conduct norms” or cultural rules that clash with the rules of dominant society.
15
Q
Cultural Conflict Theory argues that crime happens because…
A
The conduct norms of the dominant cultural group are extended over a group with different conduct norms.
16
Q
What are 3 things that can lead to Cultural Conflict?
A
- Colonization. 2. Immigration. 3. Migration.
17
Q
Healing methods that include burning rashees, religious attire such as hijabs, and honour killings suchas Aqsa Parvez’s case reflect ___ ___ Theory.
A
Cultural Conflict.
18
Q
What is the racial double standard concerning honour violence?
A
When the perpetrator is white, we look for psychological reasons of the individual (family, history, childhood mental health). When the perpetrator is muslim we tend to accept culture as an explanation.
19
Q
What is the racial double standard concerning teenage pregnancies?
A
Treated as an exception for white teenagers, but “cultural” for black teenagers.
20
Q
The underlying assumptions that lead to this double standard is that in our culture, violence is an ___, while in theirs, it is the ___.
A
Exception, norm.
21
Q
The American ___ is traditionally more violent than the ___.
A
South, North.
22
Q
Where does the idea of honour come from for the American South?
A
Herding culture and the fact that the South was a low-population frontier region based on the “rule of retaliation.”
23
Q
In the American South, the individual had to project a stance of ___ to commit violence.
A
Willingness.
24
Q
What did Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen find concerning white Southerners?
A
The homocide rates for conflict related homocides were higher in the South. Homocides follow insults that center on reputation, strength, toughness, and honour.
25
Nisbett and Cohen's findings were over and above other North-South ___ in temperature, poverty, historical practices of slavery, etc.
Differences.
26
A national attitude survey showed that the ___ is more approving of certain types of violence.
South.
27
The South was more likely to approve of violence when it was used for self-protection, or was in response to an ___.
Insult.
28
The South was more likely to endorse violence when it was used to ___.
Protect.
29
The South was also more likely to stigmatize men that...
Failed to respond to an insult.
30
The UN Population Fund estimates that around ___ women and girls are killed each year in honour-related crimes, but the actual number may be a lot higher.
5000
31
The UN Commission on Human Rights first mentioned honour killings in ___.
1999
32
What are honour killins as described by the UN?
Crimes against women, whereby the family kills a female relative deemed to have defiled the honour of the family.
33
There is a view that honour killins are homocides that happen because the ___ puts pressure on the family.
Community.
34
Kanishka Initiative was brought about by...
The 1985 Air India Attack.
35
What is the worst terrorist attack on Canada?
The 1985 Air India Attack, where 329 people were killed.
36
CSIS was established in ___.
1984
37
In the case of the Air India incident in 1985, both the RCMP and CSIS had evidence that things were about to happen. However, what happened?
The evidence could not be used, as the two organizations did not collaborate efficiently.
38
A security mandate for police was added after what major event?
9/11.
39
LTTE is also known as...
The Tamil Tigers.
40
LTTE is credited with inventing...
Suicide bombing and suicide belts.
41
The LTTE is attached in __ countries and have killed up to ____ of their own members.
32, 8000.
42
The LTTE controlled 76% of ___ ___ in their peak years.
Sri Lanka.
43
The LTTE is criticized for recruiting...
Child soldiers.
44
In Sri Lanka, Tamil is the ___ and Sinhala is the ___.
Minority, majority.
45
State a reason that second generation Tamil Canadians stand up for something they have never experienced.
They have 1 memory.
46
How many people are part of the Tamil Diaspora in Canada?
200000
47
The Tamil Diaspora was the...in 1991.
Fastest growing visible minority group in Canada.
48
Many members of the Tamil Diaspora live in the...
Greater Toronto Area.
49
The Canadian diaspora of Tamil's is the world's...
Largest.
50
The Tamil Diaspora seems integrated/unintegrated into the Canadian sphere.
Integrated.
51
The Tamil Diaspora in Canada is known as a community with...
High capabilities to mobilize.
52
Give an example of how the Tamil Diaspora in Canada is able to mobilize.
-100 000 members of the diaspora blocked a major highway in Toronto in 2009 within 24 hours. -There are preparations in the community for arrivals of refugee coats. -Known to have financied and supported civil conflict in Sri Lanka.
53
What is a common reason that 1.5 and second generation Tamil Canadians take such a strong interest in the conflict in Sri Lanka?
They feel that if the Tamil Tigers didn't stand up for the Tamils no one would.
54
Canadian counter-terrorism efforts have changed the Tamil Canadian's outlook on...
Canada and the conflict in Sri Lanka and the LTTE.
55
The international community labelled the LTTE as...
A terrorist organization.
56
Canadian counter-terrorism measures were viewed as ... by Tamil Canadians.
A fundamental breach of trust.
57
Which side did Canada side with?
The Sri Lankan government.
58
Tamil Canadians felt that ___ did not uphold their values of peace, justice, and humanitarianism.
Canadians.
59
Canadians must be careful when labelling ___ organizations.
Terrorist.
60
What are the four recent theories on the local contexts of crime?
1. Routine Activities Theory. 2. Broken Windows Theory. 3. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. 4. Banishment.
61
What do the four recent theories on the local contexts of crime have in common?
All focus on local specifics of where crime occurs.
62
Routine Activities Theory is associated with ___ ___.
Marcus Felson.
63
In Routine Activities Theory, offenders are presumed to be ___ and ___.
Lazy and opportunistic.
64
Routine Activities Theory says that we should reduce crrime by...
Trying to make criminal behaviour impossible, or at least less likely.
65
Routine Activities Theory emphasizes that offenders exist in...
Certain physical environments.
66
Routine Activities Theory is ___ and not reactive, meaning...
Prospective, what can we do today to prevent crime tomorrow?
67
According to Routine Activities Theory, what are 3 key factors that make crime likely?
1. Likely offender. 2. Possible target. 3. Lack of suitable guardian.
68
What does Routine Activities Theory say about likely offenders?
Offenders do not have deep motivations, they are opportunistic, not criminal masterminds.
69
What does Routine Activities Theory say about possible targets?
There has to be things to steal for there to be criminal behaviour, and we have more things now than ever before.
70
What does Routine Activities Theory say about effective guardianship?
Women were emancipated from homes in the sixties and seventies as they had entered the workforce. There was a void in guardianship, as women left the suburbs.
71
In spaces with effective guardianship, crime rates go ___.
Down.
72
Victimization rates are higher for young men because...
Of their actions. They are more likely to go out.
73
What are some factors that can help us understand victimization patterns?
-Demographics. -Social activities. -Alcohol and drug use. -Economic status.
74
Victimization rates are ___ among the married population, because...
Lower, they stay at home more.
75
Victimization rates are ___ for poor people.
Higher.
76
Not only are victims disproportionately ___, offenders are too.
Poor.
77
Who came up with Broken Windows Theory?
Wilson and Kelling.
78
What is Broken Windows Theory?
Local signs of disorder encourage more disorder.
79
Who conducted the cars experiment testing Broken Windows Theory?
Zimbardo.
80
What was Zimbardo's experiment?
He put a car in a poor neighbourhood and a car in a rich neighbourhood. The car in the poor neighbourhood was stripped immediately, but the car in the rich neighbourhood was untouched. He then smashed the car in the rich neighbourhood, causing passersby to do the same.
81
What is one of the most prevalent signs of disorder in Broken Windows Theory?
People.
82
What are five strategies for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design?
1. Increase effort. 2. Increase risks. 3. Reduce rewards. 4. Reduce provocations. 5. Reduce excuses.
83
How do you increase the effort for perpetrators?
Make it harder for people to commit crime through better locks, alarms, fences, dogs.
84
How do you increase the risks for perpetrators?
Increasing punishment is useless; instead, increase guardianship and surveillance.
85
How do you reduce the rewards for perpetrators?
Disable iPhones, ink on clothes.
86
Give an example of a company reducing provocations.
Disney entertains you while you stand in line, and makes you turn corners so you cannot see how long the line actually is.
87
How do you reduce excuses for perpetrators?
Constantly reminding to not litter, not to leave your bags unattended, to wash your hands.
88
Give an example of mass surveillance.
Parallel culdesacs that allow you to see your neighbour, and are your "eyes on the street." Allows for better sightlines.
89
What is target hardening? Give an example.
To stop skateboarders from grinding along edge, placing stoppers. Bus benches that are curved convexly, to stop people from sleeping on them. Locksm bars, higher fenes, anti-theft devices.
90
Why is CPTED in schools ironic?
Schools start looking like prisons.
91
What are some examples of CPTED measures taken in schools?
-Cameras. -Metal detectors. -Clear lockers. -Private security guards. -No hoodies. -Convex mirrors. -Graffiti removal. -Computerized hall passes. -Cashless.
92
What is biometrics?
Anything that uses a body part to identify you. Iris, fingerprints, gait.
93
What is banishment?
If you break social norms, you are kicked out.
94
What is an example of contemporary banishment?
In Seattle, people are signs of disorder. All of Seattle is a high crime area, and there are "Stay out of Drug Area" (SODA) orders.
95
The failure for local contexts of crime to address ___ ___ is a criticism that is often made.
Root causes.
96
What is responsibilization?
A shifti n the locus of responsibility for responding to criminal behaviour.
97
What are some questions asked concerning physical displacement?
Are you offloading problems? Just trying to get them to move on to a weaker target?
98
Intimate partner violence is overreported/underreported.
Underreported.
99
If there is no harm against the children, the perpetrator...
Can still see the children.
100
Is intimate partner violence restricted to certain cultural groups?
No.
101
What percentage of women have been abused by intimate partners?
25-50%.
102
40-70% of all female murder victims are killed by an...
Intimate partner.
103
What is the question of gender symmetry in intimate partner violence?
Are women as violent in intimate relationships as men?
104
Historical studies into IPV conducted in the 1970's focused on ___ experiences as victims.
Womens'.
105
The studies on college students showed that rates of women as perpetrators were ___ if not greater than men,
Similar.
106
Early studies were done by ___ ___, not criminologists.
Family scholars.
107
What are Conflict Tactic Scales (CTS).
Asked respondents about conflicts in relationships and how they solve them rather than framing questions in terms of crime and violence.
108
What are some data sources of crime based analysis of IPV?
CJS and victimization surveys of general populations.
109
Archer (2000) concluded using meta-analysis that women use a ___ variety of violent acts, and also use violence ___ frequently.
Wider, more.
110
What is a meta-analysis?
Looking at all the research out there.
111
What did Straus (2009) conclude in his study?
There are equal rates of perpetration for men and women, and there is a very small difference between men and women.
112
The idea that men are victimized in IPV is not commonly accepted by advocates in the area of...
Violence against women.
113
The risk factors for IPV are (the) ___ for men and women.
Same.
114
What are some risk factors for IPV?
Alcohol abuse, antisocial behaviour. personality disorders, and having witnessed abuse as a child.
115
What is the strongest predictor for IPV?
Witnessing violence as a child.
116
What is the most common cause of IPV in general?
The violence is a consequence of not being able to express oneself.
117
Why do women use violence?
To retaliate for emotional hurt and to get control.
118
Why do men use violence?
For being hit first and jealousy.
119
What are the 4 different types of IPV according to Johnson?
1. Intimate terrorism. 2. Common couple violence. 3. Violent resistance. 4. Mutual violent control.
120
What is Intimate Terrorism?
A typical case of IPV, where it is one-sided, severe, male to female, coercive control tactics, and escalates over time.
121
What is Common Couple Violence?
Less severe, less coercive, most mutual between partners, does not escalate over time.
122
What is Violent Resistance?
Victims of intimate terrorism in response to controlling behaviour.
123
What is Mutual Violent Control?
Engaged in by both partners and of mild to moderate severity.
124
What type of IPV was commonly found in shelters?
Intimate terrorism.
125
What type of IPV was found in community samples and nationally representative studies?
Common couple.
126
There is a link between traditional ___ ideology and IPV.
Masculine.
127
What is hypermasculinity?
The idea that men should be callous, find violence to be manly, and find danger to be exciting.
128
Hypermasculinity is/isn't a strong predictor of IPV.
Is.
129
How is homosexuality related to IPV?
People with increased conformity, increased aggresivity, and supressed emotional vulnerability are more likely to be abused by their partners.
130
___ related to minority sexual orientation increases risk for IPV.
Stress.
131
Is race correlated with IPV?
Asian americans have low risk, hispanics have moderate, and blaks have high risk.
132
Rates for IPV mirror...
Those for violent crime in general.
133
Why might immigrants be more suceptible to IPV?
-They my feel as if they cannot leave. -They may come from countries that don't condemn IPV.
134
What are 3 basic assumptions that people make when considering the link between immigration and crime?
1. Criminals are more likely to to emigrate. 2. Immigrants are more likely to become criminal after immigrating to the new country. 3. Immigrants become more criminal through the process of immigration.
135
All macro-level studies suggest that immigration does/doesn't increase crime.
Doesn't.
136
Higher levels of immigration concentration is strongly associated with ___ levels of violence, including homicide.
Lower.
137
___ may have played a critical role in the U.S. in the 1990's when crime dropped.
Immigration.
138
What are some potential explanations as to why immigration lowers crime rates?
-The first generation immigrants are more likely to obey law. -They have a different reference point. Everything is viewed positively. -More likely to view racism as isolated incidents. -They're in it for the kids.
139
What are some potential explanations as to why crime rates increase for 1.5 and second generation immigrants?
-The reference point is different. They know stories, but never experiences the hardships. -Comparison group is different. Why can't I become a doctor? Compare to peers. -More likely to see racism as systemic. -Did not experience the immigration process.
140
What is a 1.5 generation immigrant?
When they immigrate when they are young, and grow up in Canadian society (go to school in Canada).
141
What are the differences in statistics between U.S., Canada, and Europe when it comes to crime rates for second generation immigrants?
In the U.S., they are as high as other Americans, or slightly lower. In Canada, they have lower crime rates than those who have been here longer. In Europe, the crime rates are much higher.
142
How can we account for the differenes in statistics between U.S., Canada, and Europe when it comes to crime rates for second generation immigrants?
There is more social exclusion in Europe, and in Canada, there is a commitment to education that can be seen as a factor of resiliance.
143
The Kanishka Project aims for deeper dialogue between ___ and ___.
Researchers and government.
144
What are the 4 themes of the Kanishka Project?
1. Ideological extremism and violence. 2. Perception and emotion. 3. Collective dynamics and resilience. 4. Organization and effectiveness.
145
In the Kanishka Project, what is the ideological extremism and violence theme?
When and how groups form, how they evolve and gain or lose support (from financial to moral), when and why individuals and groups turn violent, and so on. Identifying important patterns.
146
In the Kanishka Project, what is the perception and emotion theme?
The effects of how it is reported in the media and other forms of public communication can escalate or calm tensions as well as reinforce or correct misperceptions.
147
In the Kanishka Project, what is the collective dynamics and resilience theme?
There is a need to better understand the inter- and intra-group dynamics at play, as during efforts to inspire or gain support for politically- and ideologically-motivated violence, as well as in the aftermath of an attack.
148
In the Kanishka Project, what is the organization and effectiveness theme?
Effective counter-terrorism requires not only the consideration of the threats, vulnerabilities and potential effects across social, economic and security domains, but a thorough understanding both of the relevant actors and what roles they can or do play.
149
Terrorism should fall under criminology as radicalization leads to ___.
Violence.
150
What is Narrative Criminology?
Explores the ways that people establish who they are by emplotting their experience into narratives.
151
Narrative Criminology can accomplish 4 things. What are they?
1. Can solve problems of normativity. 2. Can bridge terrorism with criminal sphere. 3. More collective instead of individual. 4. Can investigate self-stories of those who have not seriously considered engaging in criminal activity personally.
152
As a result of anti-terrorist measures and surveillance, terrorism has become ___ ___ instead of ___ ___.
Supply side, top down.
153
___ ___ model of radicalization shows how social exclusion can result in terrorists.
Narrowing staircase.
154
What are the 3 reasons for turning to terrorism examined by Joosse, Bucerius, and Thompson?
1. Trickery. 2. Religious bullshit. 3. Bogeyman.
155
What is the Bogeyman reason for turning to terrorism?
The symbols of innocence are stolen by odious figure.
156
What is the flaw with the current model of combatting terrorism?
Agencies try to use the last line of defence (intercepting people going to join terrorist organizations), which is most expensive and least successful. Does not address root causes.
