Social 10-1 Final Exam Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Globalization
A
A process through which regional economies, societies and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade.
2
Q
Hyper-globalist
A
- Embrace globalization to a great extent
- Think globalization is overwhelmingly positive
- Promote rapid expansion of globalization
3
Q
Pro-globalist
A
Embrace globalization to a fair extent
Think globalization is mostly positive
Admit globalization poses some negative consequences - need minor change
4
Q
Alter-globalist
A
Embraces globalization to a small extent
Think globalization does more harm than good
Believes globalization cannot be stopped but needs serious improvements.
5
Q
Anti-globalist
A
Embraces globalization to no extent
All forms of globalization are negative
Need to undo the effects of globalization
6
Q
Westernization
A
Globalization has resulted in the spread of Western values and culture throughout the world
7
Q
Trade Liberalization
A
Globalization has allowed for the easy exchange of goods throughout the world
(Free Trade)
Free market principles have been adopted globally.
8
Q
Global Integration
A
Globalization has connected nation’s economies and way of life
Nations around the world rely on each other to meet their needs
Events that happen in one nation impact others
9
Q
Technological Advancement
A
Sharing of info and cheap production of goods has resulted in rapid advancement of technology
10
Q
Economic Dimension of Globalization
A
Economies have become more integrated and reliant on each other over time.
Economies are no longer isolated and are now impacted by global events
The economic decisions you make can impact people around the world
Wages, treatment in the workplace.
11
Q
Political Dimension of Globalization
A
Countries have relationships with each other
Events that happen in one country often impact other countries as well
Nations may put pressure on other nations to:
Increase or decrease trade
Control their borders to prevent illegal migrant crossings
Preventing the outsourcing of jobs
12
Q
Environmental Dimension of Globalization
A
Globalization has a significant impact on the environment
Cheap consumer goods can often mean fewer regulations
More products mean more waste
Landfill, Co2 emissions
Environmental impacts, such as climate change, are not bound by borders
13
Q
Social Dimension of Globalization
A
Globalization impacts individuals and entire societies
Allows for the movement of people (migration) and ideas
This can result in less dominant cultures being destroyed.
14
Q
Identity
A
Factors that shape who you are
15
Q
Individual Identity
A
Characteristics that distinguish an individual from others
16
Q
Collective Identity
A
Characteristics that an individual holds in common with a larger group
17
Q
Pluralistic Society
A
Embraces the idea that multiple cultures can live together in peace
18
Q
Early Migration
A
The first stage of the waves of globalization
Humans first evolved in Africa 200,000 years ago
Hunter-gatherers
First began globalization around 80,000 years ago in search of food.
18
Q
Global North
A
Areas of the developed world culture which have mostly received the benefits of globalization
Higher paying jobs
Access to inexpensive goods
Social support: Healthcare, pensions, workers rights
18
Q
Global South
A
Areas of the developed world which have not received significant benefits of globalization
Sovereignty (Decision-making power) is limited by the global North
Lower paying jobs
Dangerous work conditions
Limited social support
19
Q
Silk Road
A
Created the first global trade route between human societies in the East & West
This led to an exchange of goods and ideas between Eastern and Western civilizations
Enabled the spread of disease between different parts of the world
Fueled imperialism:
Greater contact between communities led to conflict over resources.
Resulted in the exchange of cultures between the conquerors and the conquered.
Ex. Rome forced its cultures and laws on conquered peoples, a process called Romanization. In turn, it was
also influenced by those cultures.
19
Q
The Industrial Revolution
A
Steam power transformed:
Transportation
Communication
Allowed humans to travel and communicate faster than ever
Created factories:
Mass production of goods
Exploitation of cheap labour
20
Q
Digital Divide
A
The separation between areas of the world that have access to technology & those that don’t.
More challenging to keep up without access to technology
21
Q
The Age of Exploration
A
Innovations in navigation and transportation allow humans to cross the ocean
All areas of the world are accessible to humans
Forced migration of African slaves to the Americas
Triangular trade
Indigenous people were exposed to a disease or forced to assimilate into European culture
22
The Columbian Exchange / The Grand Exchange
Goods are traded from both sides of the ocean for the first time.
Crops, Animal and slaves
23
Modern Globalization
Innovations in technology bring about an interconnected global society:
Telephone
Mass media
Airplane
Shipping container
Internet
Creation of an interdependent world:
Rely on each other to maintain our current way of life
24
Marginalization
Pushing a group to the edge of society because of cultural differences which DO NOT fit in the dominant culture.
24
Acculturation
Modifying one's culture by adopting traits from another culture
24
Assimilation
A minority group becomes fully absorbed by the minority
25
Americanization
The growing domination of American lifestyles & cultures around the world
26
Homogenization:
Erasing all cultural differences, making people more similar
27
Accomodation:
Accepting and creating space for another's culture
28
Diversification/ Pluralism
Growth of ethnic, and cultural & acceptance of differences
29
Hybridization
Combing 2 or more cultures to create something new
30
Revitalization
Promoting & bringing life back to a culture that was in danger of disappearing
31
CRTC
The Canadian Radio-Television Commission that was created to preserve Canadian culture
Ensures that a percentage of the media played in Canda is Canadian.
32
Corporation:
A legal company created in a country
Empowered with the legal rights of a person to:
Own property
Borrow money
Sue or be sued
33
TNCs
Transnational Corporations are companies based in one country but manufacture and /or sell products in other countries
34
Bias
A prejudice in favor/ against something
35
Digital Nomads
In the past, you had to go to a physical workplace to do your jobs
Geography limited job option
Today, remote work allows digital nomads to perform jobs from anywhere
35
Voluntary Balkanization
A situation where people use the internet to only associate with like-minded individuals
This creates isolated, hostile groups that are less likely to trust members outside their online community
36
Brain Drain
Loss of skilled individuals from a country
Talented individuals move to places with better:
Standard of living Wages Safety & Security
Disproportionately impacts developing nations
Accelerated through online hiring
36
The Global Village
The idea that the world has become interconnected through digital media
Technology will create a global community where people can easily communicate and national borders become
irrelevant.
37
Mercantilist Economy:
The goal of a country was to sell (export) more than it buys (import)
Required raw materials to avoid imports
Required large materials to sell finished goods
38
The White Man's Burden
The belief that it was the role of Europeans to bring “superior” culture to the rest of the world
Eurocentrism
39
Legacy
Something passed down by those who have lived in the past
Consequences impact our society today
40
Christopher Columbus
Italian explorer in the 15th century AD
Was looking for a new route to Asia for trade
He accidentally “discovered” the New World on his voyage
This began the period of trade & colonization of the New World
Positives:
Opened trade with the New World
New goods available to both the Old and New World
Began the process of colonization that created modern North America
Negatives:
Manipulated and killed many Indigenous people
Introduce slavery to North America
Introduced European diseases that killed many Indigenous people
Did not actually discover the New World
41
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Began mid-15th century
Many African people were forcibly sent to European colonies to do labour
42
Triangular Trade
Slaves traded to the colonies for raw materials
Raw materials were turned into manufactured goods in Europe
Empires trade manufacture goods for slaves
43
Eurocentrism:
Belief Europeans have to “civilize” African peoples
Brought European languages, culture & religions in Africa
44
The Scramble for Africa
Division of most of the African continent by European powers
Each nation wanted to ensure it had similar resources to its rival
45
The Berlin Conference 1884
Agreement on the division of Africa to avoid conflict in Europe
Social Final Exam 17
Nations have unchallenged claim to the interior from coastal ports
But if nations did not make a claim, they lost the title
46
Segregation:
Separation of Europeans and Africans
Europeans enjoyed special privileges
Africans were treated as inferior
47
Indirect Rule
Local African leaders got to keep their powers in exchange for supporting European interests
48
Reparations
Repayments from the oppressor to the oppressed
49
Divide and Rule
Encouraged existing divisions in Indian society- class, race, religion to keep people from uniting
50
The Raj
The British rule in India that lasted from 1613-1947 (334 years)
Important for the global success of the British Empire
51
The British East India Company
Monopoly created in order to trade with India
Considered the world’s first TNC
Used a corporate army, bribery and extortion (blackmail) to control Indian leaders
51
Social Darwinism
Belief some races have evolved to become superior to others
Evolution has made Europeans better than First Nations
Duty of Europeans to rule other races
52
The Hudson's Bay Company
The British create it
Given a monopoly over the fur trade
Traded furs for European manufactured goods
Focus on acquiring land for settlement
Signed treaties with Indigenous people in exchange for land
53
Residential School System
Took children away from parents at age 7
Designed to “kill the Indian in the child”
Forced Indigenous children to adopt British religion and customs
54
Cultural Genocide
The deliberate and systematic destruction of a group’s cultural identity, practices, language & heritage
55
Numbered Treaty System
First Nations allowed British settlers to live on the territory in exchange for special rights
Healthcare, Education, Hunting Rights, Land Reserves
56
The Indian Act
Law to govern/ “civilize” First Nation
Placed restrictions on:
Marriage, Land Ownership, Movement, Government
57
Potlatch
a ceremony in which possessions were given away, or destroyed, to display wealth and generosity
58
Powwow
A gathering featuring traditional dances, music, and social activities that bring Indigenous communities
together
59
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Investigation into the abuses of residential schools
Recommended actions to address legacies of residential school
60
Economics
Economics is the study of the production (Making), distribution (handing out), and consumption of goods and
services
Help us understand how society makes decisions about scarce (limited) resources
61
Scarcity
Things people want or need are limited
The desire for resources is unlimited
Economics: How do we distribute these resources?
62
What Should Be Produced?
What is needed in society?
Richer nations have disposable income for luxury items
Developing nations sometimes cannot even meet basic needs
No disposable income for luxury items
63
How Should It Be Produced?
What is the best way to create the products?
Some systems value low labour costs to increase profit
Some systems value high employment at the expense of profit
64
Who Will Get What Is Produced?
Is it whoever has the most money?
Is it based on needs?
Is it based on right of birth?
65
Who Decides?
Who in society determines production & distribution
Does the government play a role?
Should the government be allowed to sort itself out without the government?
66
Global Economy:
The economic systems that dominate most international trade
67
Traditional Economies (Mercantilism)
Economic systems dominated by the state (Monarchy)
The belief that wealth was measured in precious metals
Monarchy healthy regulates the economy to ensure as much gold stays in the state as possible
Goal: Keep as much money as possible in your country
How can this be achieved?
Sell as much as possible to other countries (Export)
Buy as little as possible from other countries (Import)
Relies on the conquest and exploitation of colonies to generate wealth
Ensure goods never have to be imported
68
Monopoly:
Businesses controlled by a single person or company
No competition
Can set any price for goods
Have no incentive to improve the quality of goods
Ex. Amazon, Apple, Google, Hudson’s Bay Company
Could only be granted by the monarch
Given to people close to the monarch
This led to great inequality
69
Adam Smith
The Father of Modern Economics
Created Capitalism
Wrote The Wealth Of Nations
Believed people looking out for their self-interest would benefit all of society
No government intervention is needed in the economy
70
The Measure of Wealth:
Wealth measured by:
Productive capacity
The well-being of its people
Economic growth is crucial for improving society’s standard of living
Driving force = Self Interest
71
Free Market Economy (Capitalism)
Developed in response to problems with Mercantilism
Based on the Enlightenment ideals of democracy and individual liberty
Eliminated the government from the economy
Believes that individuals acting in their own self-interest will benefit society
72
Private Property:
Property owned by individuals or companies & not by the government
Essential for capitalism to function as it provides an incentive for people to earn money to:
Invest in their businesses
Purchase products
73
Competition
Rivalry among producers to sell consumers’ products
Creates:
Fair price, Innovation
73
Supply & Demand
Supply: Amount of a product available
Demand: Amount of people that want a product
The more of an item (Surplus)- the lower the price
The rarer the item is (Shortage)- the higher the price
Equilibrium: Supply & Demand are equal; Fairest price
74
Dollar Vote
Consumers buy items they want
The business fails if the item is unwanted
75
The Command Economy
Created in response to the exploitation and inequality in capitalism
Uses heavy government control to:
Regulate the economy
Equally, distribute wealth
This may lead to:
Lack of productivity and innovation
Reliance on government force
75
The Invisible Hand
Market controls itself
No government
Entrepreneurs, consumers determine products, prices
76
Karl Marx
Lived in England, during the Industrial Revolution
The father of communism
Famous works include The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
Criticized Capitalism:
Efficient, but at the cost of workers
The profit motive encourages exploitation
Caused disparity
77
Marx: Capitalism & Class Struggle
Marx believed society was divided into two groups who were engaged in a class struggle:
The Bourgeoisie:
Capitalists, Business owners who controlled the means of production
The Proletariat:
The workers who sold their labour to the bourgeoisie for a wage
The proletariat & the bourgeoisie have opposing interests:
The proletariat wants to make as much money for their labour as possible
The bourgeoisie wants to maximize profit
These opposing interests create a class struggle between the proletariat & bourgeoisie
Theorized that the bourgeoisie would push wages so low that no one could afford to buy goods
Would create an economic crisis
Capitalism cannot function without consumers
78
Public Property:
Property owned by the collective population or government rather than by individuals
79
Mixed Economies
The economy of most Western Countries
Combines elements of Public & Private Enterprise:
Free market (Private Enterprise)
Competition
Profit Motive
Planned economies (Public Enterprise)
Protection for workers
Extra taxation for the ultra-rich
80
Regulations
Laws that:
Prevent certain goods from entering the country
Ensure goods meet a certain standard before entering
81
Tariffs
Taxes placed on foreign goods to encourage consumers to buy local goods
82
Protectionism
Rejection of Free Trade
Indirect opposition to Trade LIberlaization
Primary methods used: Tariffs
83
Specialization:
Companies make what they’re best at & buy things that are difficult to make themselves
Greatly increase efficiency
84
The Roaring 20s
Period of great economic growth following WWII
The dominance of unregulated free market economy in Western countries
Some free trade between countries but no global system of trade rules
84
Post WWII (Bretton Woods)
Nations around the world meet to try to prevent another depression
Promotes the global integration of all economics
Set up individuals to assist with integration
Set up several international organizations to govern global trade
85
The Great Depression
American stock market crashes in 1929-destroys the world economy
Nations put tariffs in place to protect local industries
Tariffs reduced trade & made the Depression worse
See mass unemployment worldwide
This leads to the rise of extremist ideologies
Fascism (Nazi Germany)
Communism
Causes of World War 2
85
John Maynard Keynes:
British delegate at Bretton Woods Conference
Wanted to address the causes of the Great Depression
“Fix capitalism to save democracy.”
Developed a theory which called for some government economic intervention
Keynesian/ Demand-Side Economics
Meant to solve Market Volatility
86
Demand-Side Economic
Focuses on boosting consumer demand to drive economic growth
When people have more money to spend, they buy more goods & services
This increased demand leads businesses to produce more, which can create jobs & lead to higher wages
The belief that the government can influence consumed demand to drive or limit economic growth
Lesen the challenges of each phase of the business cycle
To influence the economy, the government can manipulate
Tax cuts, social programs, government spending on public services & infrastructure
87
Boom
The economy is doing well
Low unemployment
High consumer spending
88
Inflation:
Wages go up
Goods cost more
Destroys savings
89
Recession
Economy crashes
Jobs lost
Wages fall
Consumer spending falls
90
Depression:
The low point of the recession
Very high unemployment
Very little economic activity
90
Recovery:
The economy starts expanding again
Return to the boom
91
Stagflation:
Rise in unemployment and inflation at the same time
Partially, caused by government interference in the economy
Oil crises
92
Friedrich Hayek
DIsagreed with Keynes
Believed economies:
Were too complicated to control
Should be left to the Free Market
They feared excessive government could lead to dictatorship
Could lead “To the Road of Serfdom”
Influenced the Supply-side economics Theory
93
Supply-Side Economics
Belief that:
Economic growth comes from increasing the supply of goods and services
The government must help suppliers (businesses) to stimulate the economy
Stronger businesses = higher wages and more available jobs
By making it more rewarding for businesses to produce and invest, all of society will benefit
Increased profits for businesses will lead to:
Greater innovation
Trickle-down
Creation of jobs
Investment in society
To help suppliers, the government must:
Lower taxes on businesses
Reduce regulations (rules) for businesses
Tax cuts mean the government must offer fewer social services
Individuals must become more self-reliant
94
The World Bank
Owned by the government of its members
Lends money to countries for long-term development such as:
Recovery from war
Resource extraction
Poverty reduction
Industrialization
Criticized for:
Funding development without concern for some of the environmental impacts of such projects
Charging interest on loans which can cripple the finances of developing nations with debt repayments
Accused of enabling odious debt
95
Structural Adjustment Programs
Forces borrowing countries to make market-oriented changes to stabilize the economy and ensure debt can be paid
off faster
Borrowing nations must embrace capitalist policies such as:
Opening markets-no tariffs
Allowing TNCs into the economy
Limiting government intervention in the economy
Limiting spending on social programs (austerity)
95
Odious Debt
Debt accumulated by a corrupt government
Improperly spends the loaned money, but leaves the people to pay the debt
96
The Internation Monetary Fund (IMF)
Funded by member countries
Created to promote economic stability
Provide emergency short-term loans to countries in economic crisis
Criticized for:
Charging exceptionally high interest rates to countries in economic crisis
Instituting Structural Adjustment Programs
97
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Countries at the Bretton Woods Conference agreed to gradually eliminate trade barriers such as tariffs & quotas
between themselves
Established trade rules to settle trade disputes between countries
Challenges:
Primarily focused on reducing tariffs, did not address other areas of trade disputes
Subsidies
Regulations
Lacked enforcement power to punish countries for not following trade rules
98
The Group of Seven (G7)
Meeting of the 7 most industrialized countries in the world
Discuss ways to promote global financial stability
Used to be G8
Russia was kicked out after the invasion of Crimea in 2014
98
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
Replaced GATT
Works to resolve trade disputes between nations
Can punish countries for breaking trade rules
All decisions made by consensus of WTO members
Criticism:
Can take sovereignty away from countries
Can punish nations for not following WTO rules by imposing economic sanctions on offenders
Unequal employment of rules
Forces developing nations to open markets
Allows developed nations to maintain tariffs & subsidies
99
Sustainability:
Organizing society so that the resources on Earth can meet the needs of the planet’s population now & into the future
99
The Group of Twenty (G20)
Meeting of the 20 most industrialized countries
Similar to the G7
Challenges:
Organizations are too exclusive
Create policies that only favour the wealthiest nations in the world
100
Carbon Footprint
The impact that your consumption of resources has on the planet
The larger the footprint, the greater impact you are having
101
Stewardship:
Responsible management and use of land resources so that future generations will enjoy healthy environments
102
Social Justice
A Society that is based on the principles of:
Equality (Egalitarianism)
Value for human rights & dignity
103
Frachise
Right to vote
104
Active Consumer
Realize that their dollar vote will impact production
Purchase products made under ethical conditions
Fairtrade
105
Active Corporations
Companies focus on goals beyond profits
Ethical production
Donate profits
106
Indenture Labour
In debt to an employer for transport, food, and clothing for a set period
Work without payment to pay off debt
