Social and Political Stratification

Question 1

refers to the division of large social groups into smaller groups
based on categories determined by economics.

Answer 1

Social stratification

Question 2

gives rise to inequality in society, as members are
distinguished by their membership in and relation to social groups and categories.

Answer 2

Social stratification

Question 3

the common bases of social stratification

Answer 3

-wealth
-property
-access to material
-cultural goods
-access to political power.

Question 4

Other identifiable bases of social
stratification

Answer 4

-race
-gender
-religion

Question 5

This
refers to the process by which individuals are cut off from full involvement in the
wider circles of society

Answer 5

social exclusion

Question 6

Systems of Stratification

Answer 6

Closed system
Open system

Question 7

impose rigid boundaries between social groups and limit interactions among members who
belong to different social groups or occupy different levels in the social hierarchy.

Answer 7

Closed system and open system

Question 8

is based
on achievement, allowing more flexibility in social roles, increased social mobility, and better interaction among
social groups and classes.

Answer 8

Open systems

Question 9

impose rigid boundaries between social groups and limit interactions among members who
belong to different social groups or occupy different levels in the social hierarchy. This system is also resistant to
change, particularly in the social roles of its members.

Answer 9

Closed systems

Question 9

promote belief in fate, destiny, and the will of a higher spiritual power rather
than the promotion of individual freedom.

Answer 9

Caste systems

Question 10

A caste system, therefore, promotes ___________________

Answer 10

social inequality

Question 11

are closed stratification systems because people are unable to change
their social standing.

Answer 11

Caste systems

Question 12

In 1948, the __________________________ instituted apartheid, a system of racial segregation which lasted until 1994.
Under this system, the rights and activities of black South Africans were curtailed, and
the rule of white citizens was emphasized.

Answer 12

South African
government

Question 12

is another system of stratification that is determined by personal
effort and merit. Social standing and advancement in this system is
determined by how well a person performs his or her social role.

Answer 12

Meritocracy

Question 13

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
ON SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

Answer 13

-Functionalism,
-Conflict theory
-Symbolic interactionism.

Question 14

The functionalist perspective examines how the different aspects of society contribute to ensuring
its stability and continued function.

Answer 14

FUNCTIONALISM

Question 15

believe that each part or aspect of society
serves an important purpose. They also believe that social stratification is based on the intrinsic
value of social activities or roles.

Answer 15

Functionalists

Question 16

proposed that a social role that has a greater functional purpose will
result in greater reward, and that stratification represents the inherently unequal value of different
types of work.

Answer 16

Davis-Moore hypothesis

Question 17

Who introduced the Davis-Moore hypothesis

Answer 17

Kingsley Davis and
Wilbert Moore in 1945

Question 18

is further defined by the fact that highly
demanding jobs that require more skills to perform can only be
performed by a few, select individuals, Thus, highly skilled and
greatly-rewarded workers, such as doctors and engineers, tend to be
few.

Answer 18

stratification (functionalism)

Question 19

proposed an alternative perspective on the significance of
employment on social stratification. He criticized the Davis-Moore hypothesis and said
that it was unable to consider situations where individuals of little talent or skill are able
to access better opportunities or occupy higher positions in society, citing the example
of media personalities who attain great social status but do not possess traits that would
characterize them as productive citizens.

Answer 19

Melvin Tumin (1953)

Question 20

sees social stratification as
being defined by the lack of opportunities for the less-privileged sectors of society.

Answer 20

Melvin Tumin

Question 21

takes a critical view of social stratification and considers society as benefitting
only a small segment.

Answer 21

Conflict theory

Question 22

believe that stratification perpetuates inequality, and
they draw many of their ideas from the works of Karl Marx.

Answer 22

Conflict theorists

Question 23

believed that social stratification is influenced by economic forces and that relationships in society are defined by the factors of production.

Answer 23

Karl Marx

Question 24

He considered society as being divided between two groups

Answer 24

Karl Marx

Question 25

According to Karl Marx, society i divided into two:

Answer 25

bourgeoisie or the capitalists proletariat

Question 26

own the factors of production such as resources, land, and businesses

Answer 26

bourgeoisie or the capitalists

Question 27

are the workers that provide the manual labor needed to produce goods

Answer 27

proletariat

Question 28

The ________________ belongs to the upper classes of society and gained wealth due to the profits from their businesses.

Answer 28

bourgeoisie

Question 29

The _____________ belongs to the lower classes, lacks power and influence, and experiences great hardships.

Answer 29

proletariat

Question 30

Karl Marx

Answer 30

believed that the inequality prevalent in societies causes workers to experience alienation, isolation, and great misery due to their powerless status. The inequalities brought about by social stratification lead to class conflict.

Question 31

refrains from looking into the larger structural factors that define social stratification and contribute to inequality and poverty. Instead, it examines stratification from a micro-level perspective and attempts to explain how people's social standing affects their everyday interactions.

Answer 31

Symbolic interactionism

Question 32

often leads people to interact with others within their own social class - people who have the same background, interests, and way of life. Social stratification, therefore, is a system that groups people together.

Answer 32

Social Stratification (for symbolic interactionism)

Question 33

is the ability of individuals or groups to change their positions within a social stratification system. It also refers to how individuals progress from a lower to a higher social class, or even how individuals lose their status and occupy a much lower social position in society.

Answer 33

SOCIAL MOBILITY

Question 34

Two main types of social mobility

Answer 34

Upward mobility Downward mobility

Question 35

refers to an upward movement in social class.

Answer 35

Upward mobility

Question 36

Examples of upward mobility

Answer 36

people who have gained wealth and individuals who rose to fame or power like politicians and celebrities.

Question 37

refers to the lowering of an individual's social class.

Answer 37

Downward mobility

Question 38

When considering how people from different generations experience social mobility, the phenomenon can be classified as

Answer 38

intragenerational or intergenerational mobility

Question 39

refers to the changes in social standing experienced by individuals belonging to different generations.

Answer 39

Intergenerational mobility

Question 40

focuses on the experience of people who belong to the same generation.

Answer 40

Intragenerational mobility

Question 41

Societies are usually characterized by divisions.

Answer 41

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Question 42

__________________ reflect an unequal distribution of status, wealth, and power within society and result in individuals and groups occupying different positions of influence and power.

Answer 42

Social divisions

Question 43

may be expressed differently from society to society but is often seen in distinctions in class, gender, religion, ethnicity, and age.

Answer 43

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Question 43

are important concepts in understanding social inequality.

Answer 43

Social class and stratification

Question 44

are derived from the inequalities brought about by the possession and control of resources, as well as access to opportunities for education and employment.

Answer 44

Social classes

Question 44

considered class as an essential characteristic based on the economic structure of society.

Answer 44

Karl Marx

Question 45

defined stratification through the concept of status which he defined as the esteem or "ocial honor" given to certain individuals or groups.

Answer 45

Max Weber

Question 46

suggested that class is influenced by cultural factors such as lifestyle and consumption patterns.

Answer 46

Warner, Meeker, and Eels

Question 47

is usually composed of the rich, well-born, powerful, or a combination of these.

Answer 47

upper class

Question 48

refers to those employed in low-paying wage jobs with very little economic security.

Answer 48

Lower class or working class

Question 48

the most contested of the three categories-refers a group of people who fall socioeconomically between the lower and upper classes.

Answer 48

middle class

Question 49

They are also sometimes called blue-collar workers.

Answer 49

Lower class

Question 50

____________, ___________, and ____________ are also important factors that define social inequality

Answer 50

Income, affluence, and poverty

Question 51

Poverty is defined according to three types

Answer 51

Absolute poverty Relative poverty Subjective poverty

Question 52

refers to the lack of basic resources like food, clean water, safe housing, and access to health care needed to maintain a quality lifestyle.

Answer 52

Absolute poverty

Question 53

applies to those who may be able to obtain basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living compared to the rest of society.

Answer 53

Relative poverty

Question 54

The _______________ specifically defines absolute poverty as living on less than $1.25 daily.

Answer 54

World Bank

Question 55

is a type of poverty that is defined by how an individual evaluates his or her actual income against his or her expectations and perceptions.

Answer 55

Subjective poverty

Question 56

is another important aspect of social inequality. Gender refers to the culturally imposed characteristics that define masculinity and femininity.

Answer 56

Gender inequality

Question 57

is different from sex, which refers to biological and anatomical differences that distinguish males from females.

Answer 57

Gender

Question 58

is an unchanging aspect of a person's identity while gender, being a social construct, is a fluid concept that changes depending on the mores, norms, and values espoused by a particular society.

Answer 58

Sex

Question 59

is another important concept which refers to how a person identifies himself or herself as belonging to a particular gender.

Answer 59

Gender identity

Question 59

is particularly important in determining the gender role of individuals, which refers to specific tasks and behaviors expected of a person by virtue of his or her sex.

Answer 59

Gender

Question 60

refers to the socially sanctioned and systematic domination of males over females, and this is expressed in various aspects of society. For example, men are the traditionally recognized head of the family and when couples are married, the woman usually takes on the family name of her husband.

Answer 60

Patriarchy

Question 61

________________ stress the notion that gender differences and the sexual division of labor contribute to social stability and integration.

Answer 61

Functionalists

Question 62

explain gender inequality in terms of social and cultural attitudes. They believe that sexism and discrimination can be countered by political, social, and economic reforms like giving equal access to both men and women.

Answer 62

Liberal feminists

Question 63

argue that men are responsible for the exploitation of women through patriarchy. From this perspective, nothing short of a "sexual revolution" could transform society and end gender inequality

Answer 63

Radical feminists

Question 64

identifies factors such as class and ethnicity, in addition to gender, as essential for understanding the oppression experienced by non-white women.

Answer 64

Black feminism

Question 65

is the feeling of affinity or loyalty towards a particular population, cultural group, or territorial area.

Answer 65

Ethnicity

Question 66

refers to a group of people who share a common ancestry. It refers to physical or genetic differences among humankind that distinguish one group of people from another such as skin and hair color, physique, and facial features.

Answer 66

Race

Question 67

is a scientifically and politicallv controversial term. Scientific evidence suggests that there is no such thing as "race" in the sense of a species-type difference between people. T

Answer 67

Race

Question 68

refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.

Answer 68

Racism

Question 68

involves holding "stereotypes" or preconceived views that are often based on faulty generalizations about members of a race or particular ethnic or other groups

Answer 68

Prejudice

Question 69

_______________ and _____________ are psychological mechanisms associated with prejudice and discrimination.

Answer 69

Displacement and scapegoating

Question 70

also manifests as close-mindedness or an inflexible way of thinking regarding certain ideas and beliefs in society

Answer 70

Prejudice

Question 71

refers to actions or behavior of members of a dominant social group that negatively impacts other members of society that do not belong to the dominant group.

Answer 71

Discrimination,

Question 72

Other groups that may be considered belonging to the minority include

Answer 72

-persons with disabilities (WDs) -the elderly, certain religious groups -communities living in isolated areas.

Question 72

A prominent example of this fact is the armed conflict in Mindanao where Muslim groups are fighting for their right to have more autonomy or establish a ________________ or a ______________

Answer 72

Bangsamoro or a Moro state

Question 73

Certain religious groups have to deal with being subjected to stigma or isolation because other members of society perceive their beliefs and behavior as ___________ and __________

Answer 73

"peculiar" or "dangerous."

Question 74

is not limited to fringe beliefs of so-called sects.

Answer 74

Religious discrimination

Question 75

refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, highlighting patterns of social inequality and resulting.

Answer 75

Global stratification

Question 76

This theory believes that poverty can be eliminated by overcoming or adjusting cultural values like negative attitudes regarding work, limiting government intervention in economic affairs, and encouraging high rates of savings and investment.

Answer 76

Market-oriented theories such as modernization theory

Question 77

The world-systems theory, meanwhile, focuses on the relationship among the _______, __________, and ____________ countries in the global economy.

Answer 77

core peripheral semiperipheral

Question 78

involves the categorization of large social groups based on their control over basic resources. It therefore involves structural inequality associated with membership in each of these social categories or groups.

Answer 78

Social stratification

Question 79

where there is movement and interaction between the layers

Answer 79

Open Social Stratification System

Question 79

where there is little change in social position

Answer 79

Closed Social Stratification System