Social Cognition

Question 1

Schemas

Answer 1

Automatically created cognitive frameworks that guide our understanding of the world

Question 2

What 3 basic cognitive processes do Schemas affect?

Answer 2

Attention, Encoding, Retrieval

Question 3

How are Schemas developed?

Answer 3

Through verification and experience

Question 4

Priming

Answer 4

To activate a schema through a stimulus

Question 5

Confirmation Bias

Answer 5

Activated schemas affect how we process incoming information. Information that supports a schema is attended to and information that contradicts a schema may be filtered out

Question 6

Perseverance Effect

Answer 6

The tendency for a schema to remain intact even when it comes up against discrediting information

Question 7

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 7

Predictions that cause themselves to come true

Question 8

Selective Filtering

Answer 8

Paying attention to sensory informations that affirms a stereotype and filtering out sensory information that negates a stereotype. Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 9

Stereotyping

Answer 9

Assumes that all members of a group share some common feature

Question 10

Automatic processing

Answer 10

Unconscious and effortless

Question 11

Controlled processing

Answer 11

involved in higher-order thinking and evaluation, takes careful thought and effort

Question 12

What parts of the brain are involved in automatic processing?

Answer 12

Limbic system for emotional processing and the amygdala for emotional learning and fear conditioning

Question 13

What parts of the brain are involved in automatic processing?

Answer 13

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 14

System 1 thinking

Answer 14

Automatic

Question 15

System 2 thinking

Answer 15

Controlled

Question 16

Why is Automatic processing important?

Answer 16

Helps us deal with the enormous amount of information in our world

Question 17

Heuristics

Answer 17

Simple rules or mental shortcuts that reduce mental effort and allow us to make decision or judgments quickly

Question 18

Availability Heuristic

Answer 18

our assessment of how likely an occurrence is based on how easily an example of that event can be recalled. ex people are more likely to die of cancer than homicide but have a greater fear of homicide

Question 19

How do we confuse “often” and “memorable”?

Answer 19

People tend to judge how often something happens by how memorable it is

Question 20

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 20

Our assessment of how likely an occurrence is based on how much it resembles our expectation for a model of that event. ex. Photo of the librarian

Question 21

Base Rate Fallacy

Answer 21

If presented with related base rate information (i.e. generic, general information) and specific information (information only pertaining to a certain case), the mind tends to ignore the former and focus on the latter

Question 22

Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic

Answer 22

We use a number as a starting point on which to anchor our judgement then make revisions until we reach an answer

Question 23

Framing Heuristic

Answer 23

cognitive bias, in which people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented; e.g. as a loss or as a gain. People tend to avoid risk when a positive frame is presented but seek risks when a negative frame is presented

Question 24

What are is a source of Bias in social Cognition?

Answer 24

Magical Thinking

Question 25

Magical Thinking

Answer 25

The perception that uncontrollable events are somehow controllable

Question 26

Negativity Bias

Answer 26

Attending to and remembering only negative information, thus impacting future evaluations

Question 27

What is the evolutionary reasoning behind a negativity bias?

Answer 27

We are wired to protect ourselves from danger

Question 28

Optimistic Bias

Answer 28

Believing that bad things happen to other people and that you are more likely to experience positive events in life

Question 29

Overconfidence Barrier

Answer 29

The belief that our own judgment or control is better or greater than it truly is

Question 30

Counterfactual Thinking

Answer 30

Imagining different outcomes for an event that has already occurred. Shoulda, Coulda, Woulda

Question 31

Upward Counterfactuals

Answer 31

Circumstances to which you imagine better outcome than you achieved

Question 32

Downward Counterfactuals

Answer 32

Circumstances to which you imagine worse outcomes than you achieved

Question 33

Marketing and Counterfactual Thinking

Answer 33

Advertising seems to have been built on how easy it is for us to picture alternative outcomes

Question 34

Mood-congruence effects

Answer 34

We are more likely to remember positive information when in a positive mood, and more likely to remember negative information when in a negative mood

Question 35

Mood dependent memory

Answer 35

Our mood at the time of learning is a retrieval cue form remembering that information

Question 36

Emotion

Answer 36

physiological arousal plus cognition

Question 37

Cognition

Answer 37

knowledge and surrounding circumstance