Social Cognition & Social Attribution (3)

Question 1

________ - a judgement about what caused someone to behave in a certain way

Answer 1

attribution

Question 2

example: why did earl give his wife flowers

Possibility 1 - _______ attribution
Because he a romantic dude

Possibility 2 - ________ attribution
Because they had just had a fight (the situation called for it)

Answer 2

Possibility 1 - internal/dispositional
attribution

Possibility 2 - external/situational attribution

Question 3

The ________ model states that we make causal judgements by determining weather behav correlates with a person, situation or a combination of them

Answer 3

covariation

Question 4

the covariation model explains how we use social perception to attribute behavior to _______ or _______ factors

Answer 4

to internal or external factors

Question 5

the covariation model:

1 - _______ information - do other people react the same way in this situation

2 - ___________ information - does this person act the same way in other situations

Answer 5

1 - consensus information - do other people react the same way in this situation

2 - distinctiveness information - does this person act the same why in other situations

Question 6

the covariation model:

eg. a manager yells at their employee

give an example of high and low consensus information

Answer 6

high consensus: manager might be underpressure

low consensus: manager might just be a hot head

Question 7

the covariation model:

eg. a manager yells at their employee

give an example of high and low distinctiveness information

Answer 7

low distinctiveness: Manager yells at employees every day

high distinctiveness: Manager usually calm, perhaps just having a bad day

Question 8

the covariation model:

eg. a manager yells at their employee

with high consensus, ________ attribution can be made
(maybe manager is under pressure)

with low consensus, ________ attribution can be made
(manager might just be a hot head)

Answer 8

with high consensus, situational attribution can be made

with low consensus, dispositional attribution can be made

Question 9

the covariation model:

eg. a manager yells at their employee

with low distinctiveness, __________ attribution can be made
(Manager yells at employees every day)

with high distinctiveness, _________ attribution can be made
(Manager usually calm, perhaps just having a bad day)

Answer 9

with low distinctiveness, dispositional attribution can be made
(Manager yells at employees every day)

with high distinctiveness, situational attribution can be made
(Manager usually calm, perhaps just having a bad day)

Question 10

Example: In a comedy show, if most of the audience laughs at a joke, ________ information is high

Answer 10

consensus

Question 11

Example: If a person only gets nervous during public speaking but not in other situations, __________ information is high

Answer 11

distinctiveness

Question 12

covariation model:

if there is high distinctiveness or high consensus a _______ atrribution can be made

if there is low distinctiveness or low consensus a _______ atrribution can be made

Answer 12

situational

dispositonal

Question 13

the covariation model is relevant for inferring behaviour of ______ ______

ie. people we interact with often and can apply this information to

Answer 13

familliar targets

Question 14

The ______ ______ model is applied when we only have one instance of behaviour (stranger)

Answer 14

The causal schema model is applied when we only have one instance of behaviour (stranger)

Question 15

In the causal schema model, people infer whether ______ inluences are sufficient to explain ________

Answer 15

People infer whether situational influences are sufficient to explain the behaviour

Question 16

the causal schema model:

________ principle - inferring whether situational influences are sufficient to explain behaviour, and disregarding an internal cause

Answer 16

Discounting principle - inferring whether situational influences are sufficient to explain behaviour, and disregarding an internal cause

Question 17

causal schema model:

Eg. kendrick makes a large charitable donation

how would the discounting princeple be applied

Answer 17

infer a situational cause (good PR, tax break)

discount likelihood of internal cause (that hes philanthropic, caring person)

Question 18

The causal schema model:

_________ principle - If a situational cause exists that should have inhibited the behaviour, we enhance the importance of an internal cause

Answer 18

augmentation princeple

Question 19

The causal schema model:

kristina bakes cookies for her boss, but you assume its just cause she wanted a raise

what does this exemplify

Answer 19

Discounting principle

Question 20

The causal schema model:

Eg, homeless person makes donation to charity

We infer they must be exceptionally generous person because his situation doesn’t call for this action

what princeple have we applied

Answer 20

augmentation

Question 21

what is the problem with the causal schema model

Answer 21

fundamental attribution error

We tend to overestimate dispositional (internal) causes of a person’s behaviour, or fail to adequately take into account situational (external) constraints on his/hers behaviour

Question 22

give an example of the fundemental attribution error

Answer 22

Eg. assuming that the actor who plays sheldon is smart asf anf a nerd, even though we KNOW they are following a script

Question 23

Experiment: mock quiz show (FAE)

P’s randomly assigned to generate 10 questions (host), answer 10 questions (contestants), or watch the quiz show (audience)

results?

Answer 23

The contestants did badly

People rated the intelligence of the host as superior to the contestants

hosts rated themselves more equally to contestants

Contestant and audience failed to see that the role of host just made them seem smarter

Question 24

the ____-_____ model of attribution asserts that internal attributions are made more commonly than external attributions

Answer 24

two-step model

Question 25

why does the two-step model of attribution say that we make internal attribution effortlessly

Answer 25

People make internal attribution effortlessly - requires more mental effort to take external causes into account

Question 26

what is the actor-observer bias

Answer 26

the tendency to make external attributions to our own behaviours while making internal attributions for the identical behaviour of others

Question 27

______ attribution - The tendency to blame victims for their misfortune (associated with karma)

Answer 27

Defensive attribution - The tendency to blame victims for their misfortune (associated with karma)

Question 28

according to devensive attribution, why to we tend to blame victims for their misfortune

Answer 28

We want to believe that the world is just and we will be given good things for our efforts and not be vulnerable to bad things despite our good actions Eg. homeless individual responsible for ending up this way

Question 29

experiment : attribution in news papers American news papers placed more emphasis on _______ factors (bad temper, mentally unstable) Chinese papers placed more emphasis on _______ factors (fired recently, bad relationships)

Answer 29

American news papers placed more emphasis on internal factors Chinese paper placed more emphasis on external factors

Question 30

experiment : attribution in news papers Individualistic cultures view behaviour in __________ terms Collectivist cultures view behaviour in ________ terms

Answer 30

Individualistic cultures view behaviour in dispositional terms Collectivist cultures view behaviour in situational terms

Question 31

when making attributions for behaviour when are we more likely to use the covariation model? how about the causal schema?

Answer 31

we know people we use covariation model to make attribution for behaviour Strangers or when we have one instance of behaviour, we use causal schema

Question 32

______ ______ - the process by which information about people/social events is processed and stored

Answer 32

social cognition

Question 33

_________- mental structures that organise knowledge about the social world (people, social roles, events)

Answer 33

schemas

Question 34

schemas are prone to ________

Answer 34

erros

Question 35

Shemas aids in: ___________ of objects and events (which aids in →) ________ of objects and events (and reacting efficiently)

Answer 35

Categorization of objects and events (which aids in →) Predictability of objects and events (and react efficiently)

Question 36

Shemas guide our social _______

Answer 36

behaviour

Question 37

Although it seems like we immediately understand social situations, we really rely on _________ to make sense of them

Answer 37

schemas

Question 38

Eg. someone raised in a contained environment going to a sit-down restaurant how might they behave? what are they lacking?

Answer 38

Might smell something good, walk into the kitchen and grab whatever they want Lacks the schemas related to sit-down restaurant operation

Question 39

_________ - the ease which a schema becomes activated

Answer 39

accessibility

Question 40

how is accessibility increased

Answer 40

priming

Question 41

explain priming

Answer 41

Process of what event activated what schema produces greater accessibility increasing likelihood that schema will be activated again in the future

Question 42

You see a picture of a fat juicy burger Later, when deciding what for dinner you’re more likely to go get a burger The picture _______ you

Answer 42

primed

Question 43

how does the punch buggy game involve schemas and priming

Answer 43

You learn of the punch buggy game Primes you to notice them everywhere and give hoes bruises learning about it (priming) activates schemas that make you notice them everywhere

Question 44

________ bias - Noticing and interpreting information consistent with a schema you hold

Answer 44

confirmation Ie. “we see what we wanna see” and we don't look for evidence that will contradict our held schema

Question 45

explain consiracies in terms of the confirmation bias

Answer 45

We see govvy officials denying something and just say “yeah you're just saying that so cover it up”

Question 46

Belief: when the moon is full, crimes and admissions to psychiatric institutions increase explain in terms of confirmation bias

Answer 46

Been linked to dogs biting people increase calls to 911, teens going cray cray Relates to legends about werewolves bruv No such evidence exists

Question 47

________ _______ - believing that two variables are related to one another when in fact they are not

Answer 47

illusory correlation

Question 48

illusionary correlations are often caused by our ________ _______ ________ promotes illusory correlation as we do not see the contradictory information only the supporting information

Answer 48

expecations confirmation bias

Question 49

Eg. believing the full moon related to odd behaviour explain in terms of the illusonary correlation

Answer 49

Might not take into account the nights when the moon is full and less crimes are committed, or the night when moon is not full and a ton of crimes are committed

Question 50

Experiment : Elementary students IQ test (bloomers) explain

Answer 50

Gave students IQ test Told teachers some of their student were “bloomers”, students were acc randomly selected At end of year, the student given another IQ test and those who were told to be bloomers had a higher IQ test Teachers challenged and nurtured the students that were told would do better, which in fact made them better

Question 51

Experiment : Elementary students IQ test (bloomers) suggests that confirmation bias of teachers can lead to ______-______ _______

Answer 51

self-fufilling prophecies

Question 52

what are the Two Methods of Information Processing

Answer 52

Automatic processing (System 1 Processing) Controlled processing (System 2 Processing)

Question 53

describe automatic vs controlled processing

Answer 53

auatomatic - efficient, doesnt require many cognitive resources - unintentional, often unware of them controlled - require more cognitive resources, so might not occur if we are distracted or thinking of something else - intentional use of judgements we are aware of

Question 54

Examples: Seeing stranger and instantly processing their gender, appearance, race, etc this is _______ processing

Answer 54

automatic

Question 55

Examples Maths problems like 14 x 21 in head Parking in a narrow space Comparing three smartphones for overall value these are examples of ________ processing

Answer 55

automatic

Question 56

___________ __________ - the tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred, but did not

Answer 56

counterfactual thinking

Question 57

identify and describe the two types on counterfactual thinking

Answer 57

Upward Counterfactual Thinking - Reflect on how things could have turned out differently/better, especially when one falls short of desired goal Downward Counterfactual Thinking - reflecting on how things could have turned out worse

Question 58

pros and con of upward counterfactual thinking

Answer 58

Can be good cause they provide ideas as to how we can avoid negative outcomes in the future Not helpful when improvement is not possible and we dwell on how outcome could have been diff

Question 59

pros and con of downward counterfactual thinking

Answer 59

Usually evoke positive emotions not rlly any cons (hah! gotcha)

Question 60

give an example of upward counterfactual thinking

Answer 60

Eg. thinking of how friends death could have been prevented Eg. examining an alternate universe Eg. if only i had studied harder, i would have passed the test

Question 61

give an example of downward counterfactual thinking

Answer 61

Eg. flight got cancelled, but at least I was able to catch the bus home Eg. I didnt focus well in class, at least i didnt sleep through it

Question 62

Experiment: Olympic medal winners - judges saw olympic medalists on podiums, only their faces, not which medal they had won - rated their emotional expression results? what do they suggest about counterfactual thinking

Answer 62

Results - gold happy asf obvi, bronze medal winners happier than silver medal winners - Second place had more upward counterfactual thinking - bronze had more downwards counterfactual thinking

Question 63

system _____ can override system _____ system _____ generates immediate impressions, intuitions, feelings system ______ decides whether or not to endorse suggestions of system _____ (deliberates)

Answer 63

2 can override 1 system 1 generates immediate impressions, intuitions, feelings system 2 decides whether or not to endorse suggestions of system 1 (deliberates)

Question 64

David's father has three sons: snap, crackle and? how might system 1 and 2 engage with this riddle

Answer 64

System 1 - would assume pop System 2 - would deliberate and realise the third son has to be David

Question 65

People act as _____ ______ - conserve mental resources by following simple rules when making judgements

Answer 65

cognitive misers

Question 66

when acting as cognitive misers _______ is often used to make mental shortcuts and speed up informaiton processing

Answer 66

heuristics

Question 67

Eg. which is more likely to cause death in North America - choking on food or being attacked by a bear? Our system 1 would guess death by bear because it is reported on the news more Answer is actually choking on food by a long shot this is an example of using an ______ heuristic, explain

Answer 67

example of using an availibility heuristics Events that are more available in memory (like fatal bear attacks) are judged as being more likely to occur

Question 68

define availitibity heuristic

Answer 68

the tendency to base a judgement on how quickly or easily examples come to mind

Question 69

___________ heuristic - The tendency to assume that someone/something belongs to a certain group if they resembles a prototypical member

Answer 69

representativeness

Question 70

when using representativeness heuristics we often fail to take rules of _______ into account

Answer 70

probability

Question 71

Eg. which sequence of coin tosses more likely A - HHHHH B - HTTHHT how might the representative heuristic assume A as the correct answer

Answer 71

They have the exact same probability (1/64) but at first glance the second sequence seems more likely because it seems more representative of a random sequence

Question 72

________ Heuristic - tendency for our moods, emotional states, and desires to bias perceptions and judgements

Answer 72

affect

Question 73

Experiment: Movie’s effects on mood - Asked people leaving either a happy or sad movie to evaluate current romantic relationship how might the affect heuristic explain the results? are they for sure correct?

Answer 73

Sad movie - less favourable evaluations Careful on causality - people already upset about relationship could have gone to see sad movie to relate

Question 74

___________ _____ - the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

Answer 74

overconfidence bias

Question 75

How does overconfidence bias show up when taking a quiz?

Answer 75

might make you believe you'll get a perfect score, but then you make more mistakes than you anticipated.

Question 76

_______ _______- the tendency for people to underestimate how long it will take to complete task

Answer 76

planning fallacy

Question 77

Experiment: Asked psych student to predict when they would have tasks completed -predicted, best case scenerio, realistic scenario and worst case scenario for completing project and other things results? what do they reflect?

Answer 77

Actual time results - thesis completed on avg 6 days later than worst case scenario reflects planning fallacy - underestimating time to complete a task

Question 78

give an example of planning fallacy

Answer 78

thinking i had enough time to do the readings for this midterm lol

Question 79

how can we overcome the overconfidence and planning fallacy

Answer 79

1 - break task into subcomponents & estimate time requires for each 2 - think of one good reason why judgement might be wrong