Chapter 6 (4)

Question 1

when specific attitudes are ______, people are more likely to behave in ways consistent with that attitude

Answer 1

primed

Question 2

to measure attitudes we can measure it’s ________ - how readily it comes to mind

we do this by measuring their _______ ______ - the time it takes a person to respond to an attitude question

Answer 2

accessibility

response latency

Question 3

we can also measure attitudes by determining the ________ of the attitude to the per’sons belief system

to do this we measure a variaty of attitude within a domain and caluculate how strongly each one is _______

Answer 3

centrality

linked

Question 4

_______ _______ measures do no rely on explicit self reports

they are used when someone might be ______ or ______ to report their true opinions or feelings

often used by _______

Answer 4

inplicit attitude measures

unwilling or unable

investigators

Question 5

effective priming and implicit association tests let researchers tap into ____________ attitudes

Answer 5

implicit/nonconcious

Question 6

__________ indicators such as heart rate and brain activity can also be used to measure attitudes

Answer 6

physiological

Question 7

______ was responsible for much of the reasearch done with whether attitudes predict ________

Answer 7

LaPiere

behaviour

Question 8

true or false

attitudes always predicts behaviour

Answer 8

false

eg. many eastablishments say they wont serve certain races when serveyed (attitude)
when actually faced with wether or not to serve these racial groups, they do (behaviour0

Question 9

while watching the office, you refrain from commenting on micheal’s hilarious behaviour because you’re afraid of being annoying

what does this suggest about attitudes and behaviour

Answer 9

norms can sometimes stop attitudes from predicting behaviour

Question 10

experiment: attitudes in romantic relationships

P’s asked to overall evaluate their partners
Some listed reasons why they liked their partner on top of evaluating them

results - a year later, they were surveyed again and those who made general predictions had been more accurate

what could explain tese results?

Answer 10

coming up with (the wrong) reasons for an attitude you have can mislead you about that your attitude actually is

Question 11

__________ on our attitudes can undermine how well our attitudes guide behaviour

because ______ can lead us to focus on the easiest-to-identify reasons for liking or disliking something

Answer 11

introspection

Question 12

does intor spection always undermine how well attitudes guide behaviour

Answer 12

NOPE

only when our attitudes are afective - because the true source of our affective attitudes is hard to pin down

introspection on cognitive or behavourial attitudes doesnt have the same effect

Question 13

highly _____ attitudes do a better job of predicitng _______ behaviours

_______ attitudes do a better job of prediciting how a person behaves “in _______”

Answer 13

highly specific attitudes do a better job of predicitng specific behaviours

general attitudes do a better job of prediciting how a person behaves “in general”

Question 14

general attitudes often do not reflect hour specific behaviours

eg. if someone is homophobic, they not hold negative attitudes towards all gay people

why?

Answer 14

your general attitude a specific category will not predict your attitude of a specific person unless they fit the prototype

eg. prejudice about gay people wont apply individually unless the person fits the steriotype you hold

Question 15

attitudes can sometimes influence behaviour but not as strongly as people suspect

however, ________ can strongly infleunce ________

this is made clear in ______ _____ theory

Answer 15

behaviour can strongly influence attitudes

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 16

_______ coined cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 16

festigner

Question 17

aversive emtotional state = _______

Answer 17

dissonance

Question 18

acc to cog diss theory

how does behaviour influence attitudes

Answer 18

dissonance between our attitudes and our behaviour causes aversive emotions

we adjust our attitudes to make them consisntent with our behaviour bc of this

(CDT)

Question 19

how does CDT affect confidence when making a decision

Answer 19

we express greater confidence in our decisions AFTER we’ve made them compared to BEFORE we have made thme

after we’ve made the decision, we want to rationalize it

Question 20

t or f

dissonance can take place before a decision is made

Answer 20

TRUE

we can rationalize our behaviour even before it occurs

eg. if you are leaning towards italian food when picking a restaurant, you might rate that italian place better

Question 21

you pay a high price for something and it turns out to be dissapointing (dissonance)

you then justify what you’ve done by saying “its really not that expensive”

this is ______ ______

Answer 21

effort justification

Question 22

you are induced to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with your attitudes/beleifs/values (dissonance)

you then change your origional attitude to be consistent with the behaviour you were forced into

this is _______ _______

Answer 22

induced (forced) compliance)

Question 23

if you are trying to convince someone to do you a favour, why might it better to use the smallest amount of incentive necessary, rather than a large incentive

Answer 23

if incentive for behaviour is just barely sufficient, they will need to rationalise their behaviour (bc of dissonance) and rationalize doing the favour

if the incentive is large, no dissoance will occur and they will not rationalise the effort they had to put in to do the favour

Question 24

experiment: forbidden toy paradigm

children asked to rank toys, and their second favourite becomes “forbidden” - they couldnt play with it while he left the room for a min

2 conditions:
1 - mild threat - experimentor would be annoyed if they played with it
2 - severe threat - experimentor would be very angry

what condition was expected to experience dissonance

Answer 24

the mild threat codnition was expected to experience dissoance bs the trheat didnt justify not playing with it

serve threat condition wasnt bc the threat did justify not playing with it

Question 25

experiment: forbidden toy paradigm

how did the kids opinions on the forbidden toy vary based on their conditions

Answer 25

severe threat - opinion on forbidden toy stayed the same or improves

mild threat - opinion changed, they liked it less bc they had rationalised their dissoance when they couldnt play with it

Question 26

how can CDT explain why mild punishments are more effective and severe ones in dissuading children from certain behaviours

Answer 26

severe ones will stop them from doing something in the moment, but they will still wanna do it later one

mild ones can bring about dissonance from the behaviour to take away temptation all together

Question 27

according to eliot aronson, inconsistency will create dissonance if it implicates what?

Answer 27

our core sense of self

ie. our sense of good judgement and personal character

Question 28

we expperience dissonance when we act in ways that are inconsistent with our beleifs and the behaviour

1- was freely ______
2- wasnt sufficiently _______
3- had ________ consequences
4- consequences were ______

Answer 28

1- was freely chosen
2- wasnt sufficiently justified
3- had negative consequences
4- consequences were forseeable

Question 29

1- was freely chosen
2- wasnt sufficiently justified
3- had negative consequences
4- consequences were forseeable

why do these things all creat cognitive dissonance

Answer 29

because they all threaten people’s sens of themselves as rational, competent, and moral beings

the action was therefore irrational, incompetent and/or immoral

Question 30

how does self-affirmation ease the need to reduce dissonance

Answer 30

by allowing individuals to focus on their positive qualities and values and reduces the discomfort associated with conflicting beliefs or behaviors.

Question 31

we know our own attidues by looking at our behaviour and the context in which it occured and inferring what our attidues must be

we dont “just know” our attitudes

this is _____-______ theory

Answer 31

self-perception theory

Question 32

self-perception theory is similar to _______ ______

people understand themselves and their attitudes in the same way that they understand others and their attidues

Answer 32

social percpetion

Question 33

“i guess i was humgier than i thought”

how does this example explain social perception theory

Answer 33

you figured out how you felt about something by examining your behaviour

Question 34

in social-percetion theory, ppl dont _____ their attitudes, rather they figure out what they ____ me

Answer 34

change

must be

Question 35

self-perception theory holds that no ______ is involed in attitude formation

Answer 35

arousal (aversive arousal)

Question 36

which has more evidence behind it

CDT or self-perception theory?

Answer 36

CDT

Question 37

self-perception processes dissonance reduction processes both occur dispite CDT being more accurate

when do self-perception proccesses occur

Answer 37

SP - when behaviour conflicts with attitutes that are weaker

Question 38

generally, we use whatever _____ we have ______ to figure out our attitudes

Answer 38

generally, we use whatever cues we have available to figure out our attitudes

Question 39

experiment: ppl told to move their head either up and down, or side to side while judging things

those who nodded, liked it more
those who went side to side liked it less

what is this exemplifying about how we form our attidues

Answer 39

we use what our body is doing as a cue to evaluate our attitude towards things

Question 40

in able to comprehend how we think and feel about something we nee to _______ it

Answer 40

simulate

ie. to understand that i feel happy i need to smile

Question 41

how does botox injection effect people abilities to process sentences containing emotions

Answer 41

since they themselves cannot mimic the emotions, the very concepts of sed, angry, and so on, they are harder to access and comprehend

Question 42

according to ______ ______ theory

people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical system they live in as desirable, fair , and legitimate due to ________ dissonance

Answer 42

system justification theory

ideological dissoance

Question 43

_______ ______ ______ explains how people cope with the crippling anxiety that they will one day innevitably die

how do ppl most commonly deal with this

Answer 43

terror management theory

Question 44

accroding to TMT how do ppl deal with the thought of their death

(3 ways)

Answer 44

“the denial of death” - maintaining that it’s only the physical body that will die, striving for symbolic immortality

Question 45

other than relgion, how else do ppl try to acehive “symbolic immortality”

Answer 45

although they will die, many things they value will live one (eg. legacy, kids,

see themselves as apart of the broader culture, wolrdview and set of values
Ie. country, religion, democracy or even sport team will never die

Question 46

TMT:

if people believe in life after death, they may worry less about achieving a lasting legacy or being remembered

this reduced the need for _____-______

Answer 46

self-esteem

ie. the belief in life after death provides a sense of continued existence, so the desire for earthly recognition and self-esteem is less pressing