Social -Cultural Influences and Well Being in Physical Activity and Sport Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
How many calories does an average male need a day
A
2500 per day
2
Q
Which one is an example of intrinsic motivation A - Certificate B- Medal C - Pride D- Trophy
A
C - Pride
3
Q
How much protein should a balanced diet contain daily
A
15-20%
4
Q
Which drug is taken to mask the pain of injury
A
Narcotic Analgesics
5
Q
Which is an Example of a Coach giving feedback in terms of KOR A - Keep your head down, when you shoot B- That ain't good C- Nice Job D - You scored a goal
A
D - You Scored
6
Q
Which sports are most suited to an extrovert A. Basketball B. Badminton C. Table Tennis D. Darts
A
A. Basketball
7
Q
State two negatives of obesity on PHYSICAL Health
A
Heart Attack
Diabetes or
High Blood Pressure
8
Q
Explain 3 negatives effects of obesity in badminton
A
Obesity reduces Cardiovascular endurance make it harder to run around the court.
Obesity effects Speed which will impact how fast your able to get to the shuttlecock and hit it
It effects flexibility making it hard to reach opponents shots
9
Q
Define a Sedentary Lifestyle
A
An inactive lifestyle with little to no physical activity
10
Q
Name 2 stress relief techniques
A
DEEP breathing
Visualisation
11
Q
Role of Proteins in Diet
A
Muscle Growth/Repair
12
Q
Role of Vitamins/Minerals
A
Helpful in terms of general health maintaining general body functions
13
Q
What effect does Dehydration have on blood
A
Blood Thickening
14
Q
State the stages of the information processing model
A
Input
Decision Making
Output
Feedback
15
Q
Using a skill from a team sport of your choice explain the INPUT stage of information processing
A
During a Free Kick in football during the input stage the performer will block out all the distractions and pay selective attention to the goalkeepers movement, the position of the wall and the movement of players in the box anticipating a potential opportunity of an attack on goal
16
Q
Which one of these is an immediate effect of exercise? A - Improvement in muscular endurance B - Improvement in stamina C - Increase in aerobic fitness D - Increase in heart rate
A
D - Increase in heart rate
17
Q
State why it is important to warm-up
A
Reduce the risk of injury
18
Q
Suggest Negative Impacts of having spectators at a sporting event
A
Can put pressure on the players
Media Amplification may hype up the situation and cause fights between rival fans
Drugs and Alcohol may cause rowdy behaviour
19
Q
Define Commercialisation
A
Managing sport making profit through sponsorship and media.
20
Q
Difference on Performance vs Outcome goals
A
Performance - Focus on how well they skill was performed whether they used the right technique regardless of the result.
Outcome - Focus primarily on the result rather than the performance
21
Q
How many calories should females consume daily
A
2000 calories
22
Q
How many carbohydrates should be consumed as part of a balanced diet
A
55-60%
23
Q
How many fats should be consumed as part of a balanced diet
A
25-30%
24
Q
Why is carbs a good source of energy
A
It can be used in either aerobic or anaerobic activity
25
Which food group aids bone development
Minerals
26
Explain why 16 year old male has a higher calorie intake than 51 year old female
Men generally need more calories then women.
| Younger people have faster metabolisms
27
Define the term ''Balanced Diet''
Eating different types of food to provide suitable nutrients,vitamins and minerals and eating the right amount of calories for your gender and age
28
What could excessive intake of fat lead to
Heart disease.
High levels of cholesterol.
Narrowing of the blood vessels (reduced blood flow).
29
What does dehydration lead to
```
blood thickening
Increase Heart Rate
Increase in Body Temp
Muscle Fatigue
Slowing of Reactions
```
30
Which is a more a complex skill Running or Dribbling in football
Dribbling in football
31
Give 2 features of a complex skill
More difficult to perform
| Require more concentration
32
Give 2 features of a simple skill
Easier to perform
| Require less concentration
33
Define Etiquette with an example
An unwritten rule that is not enforced but usually observed.
| Shaking hands at the end of the game regardless of the resulr
34
Define Gamesmanship with an example
Bending the rules not breaking them to gain an unfair advantage.
Time Wasting
35
Define Sportsmanship with an example
Appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while performing (playing fair)
Kicking the ball out of play when an opponent gets injured
36
Define Contract to Compete
displaying sportsmanship at all times. fully complying with all rules.
37
Impact of sportsmanship
Good Role Models
| Satisfaction knowing you won honestly
38
Why are narcotic analgesics and give 2 sides effects of them
+ Mask pain caused by injury or fatigue
+ Give a sense of invincibility
- Addictive
- Nausea
- Liver Damage
39
Why are Anabolic Agents used and give 2 examples of side effects of them
```
+
- Increase power and strength
- Speed up recovery time
- Increase chances of winning
-
- Premature baldness
- Acne
- ,Mood Swings
- Liver Damage
```
40
Why are Peptide hormones (EPO) and (HGH) used and give 2 examples of side effects of them
+ Increase Muscle Growth
+ Production of Red Blood Cells
+ Reduces Tiredness - (EPO)
+ Help Increase Muscle Mass
+ Burn More Fat (HGH)
- Increased Risk of Heart Attack
- Blood Clots (EPO)
- Diabetes (HGH)
- Heart Failure (HGH)
41
Who might use Narcotic Analgesics
Swimming
Football
Boxing
Sprinting
42
Who might use Anabolic Agents
Sprinters
| Weightlifters
43
Who might use Peptide Hormones (EPO)
Long Distance Runners
| Distance Cyclers
44
Who might use Peptide Hormones (HGH)
Sprinters
| Weightlifters
45
What is the definition of a skill
Skills are actions or behaviours that can be learned. ie. Free Kick in Football
46
Definition of ability
Ability is an inherited stable trait that determines an individual's potential to learn a skil. ie Balance
47
What is a closed skill
Not affected by the environment or performers within it
48
Closed Skill Example
Penalty in football
Somersault in Gymnastics
Tennis Serve
49
What is an Open skill
Skills affected by the surrounding environment and need to be adapted
50
Example of an Open Skill
Pass in football
Dribbling in football
Tackle in Football
51
What's an externally paced skill
Where you have no control of when to start the skill and it's dependent on the opponent
52
Example of an externally paced skill
Receiving serve in tennis
Saving a shot in football
marking in basketball and netball
53
What is a self paced skill
The performer controls when to perform the skill, the speed and rate of the skill.
54
Examples of self paced skill
Serving in Tennis/Volleyball and Badminton
| Bowling in Cricket
55
Why are Diuretics used and give 2 examples of side effects of them
+ To achieve weight lost (Loss of fluid from the body)
+To mask and hide use of other substances
- Dehydration
- Nausea
- Heart Failure
- Kidney Failure
56
Who might use Diueretics
Boxers,Wrestlers,Horse Racing
57
Why are stimulants used and some side effects
+ Increase Aggresion
+ Reduce fatigue
+ Increase Alertness
- Insomnia
- Aggression
- Heart Rate irregularities
58
What sports are stimulants used for
Rugby
| Boxing
59
Why are beta blockers used and some side effects
+ Reduce Anxiety
+ Reduce muscle shaking
+ Reduce Heart Rate
- Nausea
- Lowering of blood pressure
- Tiredness
60
Who uses Beta Blockers
Archers
| Darts
61
Stages of Blood Doping
1. Performer has their blood removed
2. Blood is frozen and stored
3. Body replaces removed blood
4. Just before completion blood is injected back in
62
Who might use blood doping
Long Distance Cyclists
| Long Distance Runners
63
What component of blood does blood doping try to maximise?
Red Blood Cells
64
Pros of Blood Doping
Increases Red Blood Cells, therefore an increase in oxygen carrying capacity. This results in an increased aerobic capacity.Allows the marathon runner to run faster for longer before fatigue sets in
65
Side effects of blood doping
Thickening of blood
Risk of HIV,Hepatitis
Embolism
Increase Risk of Heart Attack
66
How could Blood Doping lead to infection
The blood can become contaminated during storage or preparation for reinjection. If the blood is contaminated then reinjected it could cause infection
67
Suggest the negative impact of Russia's ban at the olympics may have an effect on athletes
Loss of Income due to lack of sponorship
Reputation of the sport is damaged
Need to revisit scores and redistribute medals
Reduced numbers of spectators wanting to attend athletics events
68
```
Which one of these is an example of extrinsic motivation?
A - Personal achievement
B - Praise
C - Pride
D - Self-satisfaction
```
B - Praise
69
```
Which one of these performance enhancing drugs is taken to reduce heart rate?
A - Beta blockers
B - Diuretics
C - Peptide hormones (EPO)
D - Stimulants
```
A - Beta Blockers
70
Which one of these is an example of indirect aggression?
A - A boxer punching an opponent
C - A judo performer throwing an opponent
B - A rugby union player making a (high) tackle with force
D - A tennis player hitting a shot with power
D - Tennis Player hitting a shot with power
71
```
Which one of these activities is most suited to an introvert?
A - Association football
B - Basketball
C - Canoeing
D - Rugby League
```
C - Canoeing
72
Define mental health.
A state of well-being in which every individual realises their own potential, can cope with the normal
stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to their
community
73
State two positive effects that being physically active can have on mental health
Increase in confidence / self-esteem
Reduces stress / tension / depression
Release of (serotonin) feel good hormones
74
Define obesity
A body mass index (BMI) of over 30
75
State two negative effects that obesity could have on an individual’s mental health.
Depression
| Low Self - Esteem
76
State two negative effects that obesity could have on an individual’s social health
Inability to leave home (as they are ashamed of their body
| Inability to socialise or make friends
77
Give an example of a complex skill.
| Justify your choice
Performing a high jump
Requires coordinated running in an accurate bend Correctly timed jump in relation to the bar/bed
Effective body position to clear the bar
78
Why might Solskjaer use performance goals to help Mason Greenwood. State two reasons
As Mason is a beginner he could become demotivated if outcome goals or comparison with others is
used.
Performance goals cannot be affected by anyone other than the individual player so more likely to be
achieved if a beginner.
Focusing on the quality of performance will mean Milo is not thinking about the end result
79
Why might Solskjaer use Visual Guidance and Manual Guidance to help Brandon Williams improve his free kicks.
Visual:
Quick and concise so good for beginners such as Brandon Williams
Provides a picture of the skill for Brandon to copy.
Manual:
The coach physically guides Brandon through the correct action so he is aware of the correct technique.
Brandon starts to understand how the movement should feel
80
Factors that affect calorie intake
Age - Young people need more calories
| Height - You need more calories if your taller
81
Define Dehydration
Excessive loss of body water interrupting the function of the body
82
Give two negative effects of dehydration
Increase in heart rate - The heart may have to work harder to supply oxygen to the muscles when exercising
Increase in body temperature - Could pass out
Muscle fatigue - Cause cramps
Loss of concentration - Decision making will be slower or inconsistent
83
Outline two characteristics of ectomorph (Skinny)
Ectomorph -
- Very thin and lean
- Long arms and legs
- Not much fat / muscle
- Not much fat / muscle
- Narrow Hips
84
Outline two characteristics of a Mesomorph - (Perfect body type)
Large muscle content / low fat
Broad shoulders
Wide chest
Narrow hips
85
Discuss the suitability of athletics as a sport for an Discuss the suitability of athletics as a sport for an individual with an endomorph somatotype.
Yes :Would suit the field events of discus
Use physical weight or bulk to throw the implement
Have more power to gain a greater distance
Low centre of gravity helps when moving across or around the circle.
No: Sprinters need to be fast and dynamic to run with speed so an endomorph would not suit this event
To carry their body weight for a long period of time makes them unsuitable for middle or long distance
running
The ability to jump long or high is inhibited by their body mass
86
Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies that are being used to combat hooliganism at football matches.
Overall the strategies have significantly reduced the amount of violence at football matches compared
to the 1970s and 1980s. It is a lot safer for people attending matches but this has come at a significant
cost. However football hooliganism still exists and troublemakers are always looking to get around
restrictions.
(Travel restrictions / banning orders) This has reduced the number of hooligans travelling / attending
matches but costs a lot of money and police time to create a list of known troublemakers, their location
and their intentions. Banned troublemakers still risk attending matches as they have to be spotted for
their banning order to be enforced.
(Alcohol restrictions / Early kick offs) Means loss of income for local pubs and many spectators drink
elsewhere (home) which means that excessive consumption occurs earlier in the day which can lead
to disorder later in the day.
(All-seater stadia) Significant cost to clubs who get promoted to higher divisions and groups of
supporters can still sit / congregate in the same area. It is also possible for people to buy tickets for
known hooligans so that the authorities are not aware of their attendance.
(Improved security / Segregation of fans) This has significantly reduced the amount of disorder within
football stadiums but at a significant cost to clubs. The fear of being identified being involved in
violence means hooligans are moving away from stadiums and looking to cause disorder with rival
supporters in town centres / railway stations.
87
Evaluate the impact that the media and sponsorship have had on sports performers.
Media
A strong media presence could increase the pressure to perform which may reduce a performer’s
enjoyment. Performance may become extrinsically rather than intrinsically motivated.
Being in the media spotlight can bring fame but often brings with it scrutiny into their private lives. This
may affect the mental health and well-being of the performer as their movements and actions are
always being scrutinised.
Whilst good play can be highlighted and showcased it can also mean that the mistakes a performer
makes become very public. Inappropriate sporting etiquette or bad sportsmanship could be
highlighted, which could give the performer a bad name.
Sports performers who are extrovert may thrive with the added media exposure. However, for those
who are introvert, it may result in lower performance levels as they are unable to cope with this.
Sponsorship
The contract between the sponsors and the performer may demand that the performer has to submit
to various commitments which may mean a loss of free time or privacy or take them away from
training.
Sponsors product may not be suitable (unhealthy) which may affect the sports performers reputation.
Outcome goals may be set, which could increase stress to produce successful results in order to
‘repay’ sponsored support and uphold reputations.
A run of poor results may lead to a loss of sponsorship and therefore income even their professional
status. This could lead a performer to cheat during competition (bad sportsmanship) or take prohibited
substances to prevent such a run, maintain their sponsorship and source of employment.
Acts of direct aggression or cheating may put sponsors off or could result in withdrawal of sponsorship
for sports performers.
88
Marcus Rashford watches a video of Ronaldo perform a free kick before he then tries to perform it himself what type of guidance is this?
Visual
89
Visual Guidance
This is when a performer can see the skill being performed or practised.
90
Verbal Guidance
This is given by an observer after watching your performance. For example; coaching points given by the coach and relating to the technique of the performance.
91
Examples of Visual Guidance
Images
Demonstrations
Observations
92
Advantages of Verbal Guidance
Instructions can be given quickly
Can be used during the performance
no equipment required
93
Disadvantage of Verbal Guidance
Learners can only remember a limited amount of spoken information.
Some movements techniques are hard to explain.
The language could be too complex
94
Jurgen Klopp tells his side to gegenpress and build from the back and play with a high defensive line. What type of guidance is this?
Verbal
95
Advantages of Visual Guidance
Can be used with groups
Performer can perform a mental image of the technique
Useful for beginners.
96
Disadvantage of Visual Guidance
The performer might not be capable of matching the demonstration
Time consuming
Expensive if video is used
97
Manual Guidance
Manual guidance is when a performer is physically guided or supported by the coach.
98
A tennis coach holding a performers racket arm and moving it through the correct range of motion what type of guidance is this?
Manual Guidance
99
Advantage of Manual Guidance
Builds confidence.
Performer gets a feel for the movement
Helps to break a complex movement into parts
100
Disadvantage of Manual Guidance
Can become too reliant on support
| Can only be used 1:1
101
Mechanical Guidance
Mechanical guidance is when a piece of equipment or an aid is used to help a performer learn and practise a skill.
102
A swimmer is given a float, What type of Guidance is this mechanical
Mechanical
103
Advantage of Mechanical Guidance
Builds confidence
Reduces Danger
Get a feel for the movement
104
Disadvantage of Mechanical Guidance
Performer may become too dependent on the support
| They can give an unrealistic feeling of the motion
105
Which form of guidance is most useful for early stages of learners?
Visual
106
Why would Neymar not use manual or mechanical guidance
He's already aware of how to perform the skill.
107
What type of feedback would Pogba (Elite Performer) use
Negative - to help him improve and correct errors
108
What type of feedback would James Garner (Beginner) get?
Positive because if you told him he did something wrong James might be demotivated
109
Knowledge of performance
Based on how well an athlete has performed a skill or task.. This type of feedback relates to the whether the technique was correct or not. The goal is not important here. Good for beginners so they can learn how to improve.
Examples include:
Despite losing a 100m race focusing on whether the sprint start was good or not.
Good long-range pass in football, not dependent on whether the striker scored from it or not.
110
Knowledge of result
Based on the outcome of a competition. This focuses on how successful a performer is in achieving their desired outcome (goal). This type of feedback is mostly factual. It tells the performer about a result.
- Better for Elite performers as they don’t have to focus on the technique, whereas beginners do not
- E .G. Whether they scored or not.
111
Rashford completed a stepover then his shot hit the bar from outside the box. Following applause from the crowd what is this extrinsic or intrinsic feedback.
Extrinsic -
| Feedback for external sources, e.g. the reaction of a crowd
112
Rashford scored a free kick knowing he did it with the correct technique. What type of feedback is this Extrinsic or Intrinsic
Intrinsic feedback - Feedback from internal sources, e.g. how the movement feels
113
Ronaldo scored a hattrick and won the match for his side. Is this knowledge of results or performance?
KOR
114
Solskjaer told Rashford he played well despite not scoring. Is this knowledge of results or performance?
KOP
115
Which is best for Elite Performers KOR or KOP
KOP It's more useful for Elite Performers
| To determine what needs to be done to improve.
116
Define Arousal
Arousal is a physical and mental state of alertness or excitement.
117
Define Optimum Arousal
The point at which the best or optimal performance occurs
118
What does Arousal cause the body to do
Sweat More
| Increase Heart Rate
119
What happens if arousal continues to increase past the optimal level?
Performance decreases
120
If Scott McTominay performs a tackle with low arousal is it likely to be successful. What level should Scott's arousal be at.
No, it should not be performed with too high an arousal otherwise he might mistime it and get booked it would have to be at optimum arousal to be successful
121
If Tiger Woods is over arousal is his golf putt likely to be successful.
No because fine movements need to be done with low arousal.
122
How to control Arousal?
Mental rehearsal, visualisation or imagery
Positive self talk
Selective attention
Deep Breathing
123
Why can't Paul Pogba's arousal be too high before taking a penalty
when footballers take penalties, they need to calm their arousal so that they don't become too excited and strike the ball too hard or miss the target.
124
How could Paul Pogba use mental rehearsal before taking a penalty
Paul could use mental rehearsal going through the penalty he's about to take in his head will help him to focus and forget about the crowd. He will see him self score the penalty making him feel more confident
125
How could Ronaldo use positive self talk before taking a free kick
Telling himself he will score the free kick to motivate himself.
126
City are losing 2-0. Daniel James is on the counter attack for United and a frustrated Laporte tackles him from behind is this indirect or direct aggression.
Direct as it is towards the player..
127
The ball goes out of play following jeers from the home team. Henderson slams the ball in frustration is this direct or indirect aggression.
Indirect not causing physical harm to anyone
128
Scott McTominay enjoys playing football because he's passionate and he loves winning what type of motivation is this,
Intrinsic
129
Ronaldo wants to win and score goals so he can win the UCL and Golden Boot. What type of motivation is this?
Extrinsic
130
Define Motivation
Motivation is the drive or desire to achieve something.
131
Is Jesse Lingard likely to be an introvert or an extrovert
Extrovert
132
How can stereotyping affect Women's participation in sport
Because women have physically different builds (bodies) to men, some people may think that women lack the strength and endurance (ability to keep going) needed to play the same sports as men.
Some people may think that competitiveness is a more masculine (male) trait (characteristic).
Some people negatively stereotype women who are very physically developed (muscular). Comments on things like this may discourage some women from participating in some sports.
People who hold traditional and outdated views think a woman’s role is to be the carer of the family. Women exposed to these kinds of people may not have the same opportunity or time to play sport as men.
133
How does Media affect Women's Participation in sport
Lack of Media Coverage of Women's football compared to Men's football, - Lack of Role Models.
134
How does Age affect Participation in Sport
Disposable Income - Children don't have disposable income to spend on sport's gear.
Available Time - Older people get less time always at work
Stereotyping - People think your too old to play
135
How is ethnicity related to participation in sport
- Inequality: in the English football leagues and UK athletics squads, around 30% of performers are from ethnic minority communities. Only 13% of the general population are from ethnic minority communities.
Football and athletics rely heavily on speed, power and strength.
Some people have suggested that certain ethnic groups have more fast twitch muscle fibres and a longer Achilles tendon. This means that they can create greater power transfer.
Disposable income - Minorities are likely to have less money
136
Commercialisation
To manage or exploit (an organisation, activity, etc.) in a way designed to make a profit. (Sponsorship / Media).
The process by which a new product or service is introduced into the general market.
137
Media
Diversified technologies which act as the main means to mass communication. These include:
- Printed media (e.g. newspapers);
- Broadcast media (e.g. TV and radio);
- Internet/social media (e.g. Facebook);
- Outdoor media (e.g.
138
Sponsorship
Provision of funds or other forms of support to an individual or event in return for some commercial return.
139
Advantages of commercialisation for the SPONSOR
- Media can show products during breaks in play
- Brand names can be seen around venues
- Raised awareness of Brand leading to increased sales
140
Disadvantages of commercialisation for the SPONSOR
- The media may not get a high number of viewers
- The company doesn't get the amount of exposure they want
- The player/team doesn't perform well
- A player becomes a bad role model due to negative behaviour reducing sales
141
Advantages of commercialisation for the SPECTATOR
- More coverage
- Top events
- Replays
- Red button choice
- Player cam
- Ability to buy the same clothes and equipment as role model
142
Advantages of commercialisation for the PERFORMER
- Can be paid millions to endorse products
- Can train full-time and not have to complete another job to help fund training
- Focus to become best in their sport
- Receive top-quality products to use to help performance
143
Disadvantages of commercialisation for the SPORT
- Clothing and rules changed to make more appealing to viewers
- Fixture times and length of season changed to maximise viewing opportunities
- Breaks in play for adversiting purposes
- Minority sports not shown reducing participation
- Minority sports get little media coverage, therefore they lack sponsorship
- Negative reporting can give the sport a bad reputation
144
Disadvantages of commercialisation for the PERFORMER
- Event times make conditions less favourable for performers
- Withdrawal of sponsorship can cause financial difficulties
- Product may have bad image e.g alcohol(Smirnoff), gambling (Sky Bet)
- Required appearances take time away from training
- Pressure to win at all costs to keep sponsorship
- Restricted to sponsorship clothing/equipment
- No privacy
- Negative reporting can result in loss of sponsorship
145
Disadvantages of commercialisation for the SPECTATOR
- High subscription cost for TV sport channels such as SKY and BT
- Pay per view, have to pay for certain events e.g. Sky Box Office
- High cost of merchandise
- Minority sports not shown
- Sponsors keep best tickets for hospitality reasons
-];
146
Explain one reason why outcome goals may not be demotivating
Because if the right end result is not achieved the performer may give up and lose interest in the sport and overall be demotivated.
147
Explain why a coach would prefer his team had performance goals rather than outcome goals.
The focus with these types of goals are on personal improvement rather than team outcome, thus they are more motivating leading to improvement and if they improve they'll likely get a good outcome.
148
Values of Goal Setting
- Increased Motivation
- Increased Focus
- Increased Standard
- Reduced Anxiety
- Improved Monitoring of Progress
- Improved Planning of Training Sessions
149
What does SMART stand for???
```
S = Specific
M = Measurable
A = Accepted
R = Realistic
T = Time Bound
```
150
What does S in SMART mean
Specific - Your goals should be specific to the demands of your sport, the muscles that you use and the movements and techniques involved. No Point in improving your agility if you are golf player.
151
What does M in SMART mean
Measurable - Your goals should be measurable so that you can clearly see whether you have achieved them or not.
If your goal is to improve your speed, you need to carry out regular speed tests to measure your progress.
152
What does A in SMART mean
Accepted - The performer and the performer’s coach must agree on the goals that are set.
If a performer accepts the goals, they will be more motivated to achieve and work towards them.
153
What does R in SMART mean
Realistic - Your goals must be achievable. If they are too difficult to achieve, then the performer could lose interest and give up on them.
154
What does t in SMART mean
Time Bound - Your goals must be set over a fixed period of time.
This gives a performer enough time to achieve them. There is no point in asking a performer to improve their speed by an unrealistic amount in just one week.
155
State why targets should be measurable
Targets should be measurable to see if you have achieved them,
156
Explain using an example why selective attention is important in team games
Selective attention is the ability to filter information so you can discount what is not important and focus on the stimuli so you can make a quicker decision. For example, if a player focuses on the goal during a penalty rather than the noise of the crowd they are more likely to score.
157
Describe one difference between short and long term memory
The long term memory is used to store information for future use, whereas short term memory only holds information for a few seconds, the time where you need to execute a skill.
158
What is the short term memory (STM) ?
Working Memory .Information from the display that has been attended to is held in the short-term memory for 30 secs. The information will be lost if you attend to something else.
159
What is the Long Term memory (LTM)?
Holds information that has been that has been rehearsed and stored. If memory or past experience is relevant to what is required at the same time, it is compared to information in the STM so that a suitable decision can be made.
160
Give an example of the feedback stage for a cricketer catching a ball.
They can feel the ball in their hands (intrinsic FB) and they can here hear team mates cheer when they catch it, (extrinsic FB).
161
Give an example of the output stage for a cricketer catching a ball
Impulse is sent to the arms and hands to start the appropriate muscular movements for a catch to take place.
162
Give an example of decision making for a cricketer catching a ball.
The cricketer will have attended to the sight/flight of the ball in the air. They recall the memory of a previous catch (from LTM) and compares it to what they are currently seeing (STM) so the decision to catch can take place.
163
Who is Visual guidance most useful for?
Beginners - as they can see what the skill should look like and create a mental image of what the movement should be. Also good when you can’t hear verbal guidance, during play.
164
What needs to be ensured during Visual Guidance
- Images must be clear to understand
- Demonstrations must be repeated more than once to be remembered
- Demonstrations must be good-quality
- Must be visible
165
Examples of Visual Guidance
A Video, Pictures, Demonstrations
166
Advantages and Disadvantages of Visual Guidance
Advantages – Performer can learn movements, can be used with groups
Disadvantages – If demonstration is poor, incorrect movement can be learned, quick or complex movements may be difficult to see clearly and to replicate it
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Verbal Guidance
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Advantages –
- Instructions can be given quickly
- Can be used during performance
- No equipment required
Disadvantages –
Some movements are hard to explain, relies on the coach’s communication skills being good enough. Performer may forget information giving
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168
What type of performer may use Verbal Guidance
Verbal Guidance is good for elite performers who know what the tactics and movements/techniques are required
169
An example of Mechanical Guidance
E.g. A tennis coach holding a performers racket arm and moving it through the correct range of motion for a forehand drive. A trampoline coach supporting a front somersault.
170
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mechanical Guidance
Advantages – Performer can get a feel for the movement, builds confidence and it can help break down a movement into phases.
Disadvantages – Feeling is not the same as actually doing it unaided, performer can become dependent on the support. Incorrect feel can lea to incorrect movement being learned, can only be used 1:1
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Example of Mechanical Guidance
E.g. Using a float when learning leg movements in swimming.
172
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mechanical Guidance
Advantages – Performer can get a feel for the movement, builds confidence reduces danger
Disadvantages – Feeling is not the same as actually doing it unaided, performer can become dependent on support, incorrect feel ca lead to incorrect movement being learned, cannot normally be used with large groups.
173
Using an example, why mechanical guidance may lead to the performer becoming dependent on the support
Mechanical Guidance uses equipment, if the performer learns to swim using a float they may become overelaint and unconfident in water without the float.
174
Explain why beginners would not be able to learn on intrinsic feedback when performing a skill.
A beginner would not have a clear idea of the skill they are trying to perform, so they will not be able to feel whether they are doing the movement right or wrong, they would need extrinsic feedback.
175
Positive Feedback
- This is a vital process in telling the player what they need to continue to do for future games.
- Positive feedback is good for motivating a player. It’s mainly vital for novices as it boost their confidence when they are trying a new skill.
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Negative Feedback
* Negative feedback is vital for finding faults for a player so that they can correct them for future games.
* Negative feedback is mainly used with elite performers so that they can make small alterations to their technique.
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Extrinsic Feedback
- Extrinsic feedback often comes from a coach can also be from a teammate.
- Extrinsic feedback is important for beginners because they do not have the experience to recognise faults with their own performance.
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Intrinsic Feedback
- Intrinsic feedback comes from within a performer themselves.
- Performers can use their senses to tell themselves (e.g. the feel of the shot off the bat in cricket or looking to see where a golf shot lands).
- The process of ‘feeling’ performance through the muscles is known as kinesthesis.
- Elite performers commonly use this. They know how a technique or skill should feel when doing it well.
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What is the purpose of mental rehearsal?
Control Arousal
180
What do we call the mental technique where performers reassure themselves by talking to themselves in their own head?
Self Talk
181
Why is indirect aggression used
There is no physical harm caused, only ‘mental’ harm. The idea is to intimidate (scare) the opposition and make them feel less confident.
182
What do we call a performer who initiates aggression?
Aggressor
183
What do we call aggression when there is no physical contact between performers?
Indirect Aggression
184
Which motivation source does research show to be more effective in the long-term?
Intrinsic Motivation
185
What are the 2 categories of rewards in extrinsic motivation?
Tangible rewards
| Intangible rewards
186
Cristiano Ronaldo is an extrovert, what are the characteristics of an extrovert
Extroverts are sociable, enthusiastic, talkative and get bored easily.
Extroverts need high levels of arousal to motivate them and to prevent boredom.
187
Archery is an introverted sport, what are the characteristics of an introverted sport
Concentration and precision (fine skills).
| Low arousal.
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Football and Basketball are extroverted sports, what are the characteristics of an extroverted sport
Extroverts usually play team sports that are fast-paced (basketball/football), need low concentration and use gross skills (power and strength).
Extroverts are usually leaders within a team because of their social skills and confidence.
189
How does Sky Sports showing a game with Cristiano Ronaldo playing in it attract viewers
Watching performers with high levels of skill, strength or fitness may attract viewers.
Furthermore, the personalities of the performers (or role models) may attract viewers.
190
Why are Sports popular shows
Makes for fast-paced viewing
It is exciting, fast-paced and contains few stoppages in play.
Sport is often competitive, which may make it popular.
191
Why does Televising Sport such as Football better than Emmerdale
Sport can cost less money to televise than drama programmes for TV companies.
This is because TV companies are only paying for television rights and the production team to televise (show on television) sport. For a drama programme, they would have to pay for the cast, the staging, the production team and the backstage staff.
192
How does the Internet cover sport
The internet is an interactive platform that lets people from all over the world interact with one another.
Websites are now far more interactive than they used to be.
We can access them from any platform: laptops, mobiles, tablets etc
193
Why is Social Media used to cover sport
People can keep up-to-date with sports using platforms like Instagram, Twitter and Facebook.
People can download apps to follow scores with live updates, log onto websites that may contain forums (to chat on) and watch highlights on sports channels’ apps on smartphones.
Fans can communicate with other fans, players and teams using social media or websites.
194
Why are Radio Programmes used to cover sports
Radio programmes are useful because they provide running commentaries and talk shows where sport can be discussed.
This gets the public involved and mixes public opinion with the expert opinions of professionals.
195
What are the benefits for TV companies that show sport?
Easy to follow
Role model performers
Lower costs
Fast-paced viewing
