Social Development

Question 1

What is attachment?

Answer 1

The enduring ties of affection that children form with their primary caregivers

Question 2

What is separation anxiety?

Answer 2

Emotional distress experienced by infants when separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

Question 3

What is the biological perspective of attachment?

Answer 3

Infants are programmed by evolution to exhibit endearing behaviour that triggers an affectionate, protective response from adults

Question 4

What are the four patterns of attachment?

Answer 4

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganised

Question 5

In the Strange Situation paradigm, what behaviour demonstrated a secure pattern of attachment?

Answer 5

Child welcomed mother’s return and sought closeness to her

Question 6

In the Strange Situation paradigm, what behaviour demonstrated a avoidant pattern of attachment?

Answer 6

Child ignored mother

Question 7

In the Strange Situation paradigm, what behaviour demonstrated a ambivalent pattern of attachment?

Answer 7

Child exhibited anger at mother while seeking to be close to her

Question 8

In the Strange Situation paradigm, what behaviour demonstrated a disorganised pattern of attachment?

Answer 8

Child approached mother while gazing away, exhibited odd motor behaviour and dazed facial expressions

Question 9

What do individual differences in attachment styles relate to?

Answer 9

Different patterns of/satisfaction with everyday interactions

Question 10

What does adult attachment refer to?

Answer 10

Ways of experiencing attachment relationships in adulthood

Question 11

What is socialisation?

Answer 11

The process by which children learn the beliefs, values, skills and behaviour patterns of their society

Question 12

What are two issues in socialisation?

Answer 12

• Socialisation is lifelong and interactive

- Socialisation occurs within a broad social and economic context

Question 13

What are the four styles of parenting?

Answer 13

1) Authoritarian: High value on obedience/respect for authority
2) Permissive: Impose minimal controls
3) Authoritative: Enforce standards, but encourage verbal give-and-take
4) Uninvolved: Neglectful, place themselves above children

Question 14

What does the guidance approach of parenting involve?

Answer 14

Parents helping their children to manage their behaviours and learn considerate behaviours

Question 15

What do gender roles specify?

Answer 15

The range of behaviours considered appropriate for males and females

Question 16

What does gender refer to?

Answer 16

The psychological meaning of being male or female, influenced by learning

Question 17

What is sex typing?

Answer 17

The process by which children acquire personality traits, emotional responses, skills, behaviours and preferences that are culturally considered appropriate to their sex

Question 18

True or false: Childhood friendships are almost exclusively same-sex

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What characterises friendships in young children?

Answer 19

Self gratification (friends give things)

Question 20

What characterises friendships in older childhood and adolescence?

Answer 20

Intimacy (mutual self disclosure and empathy)

Question 21

What are the characteristics of rejected children?

Answer 21

Disliked by their peers, bullied/bullies, low self-esteem in later life

Question 22

What are the characteristics of neglected children?

Answer 22

Not mentioned as either liked or disliked, show better academic performance

Question 23

What do sibling relationships involve?

Answer 23

Rivalry and conflict as well as warmth

Question 24

What is self concept?

Answer 24

An organised view of ourselves or way of representing information about ourselves

Question 25

When is visual self recognition evident?

Answer 25

By 15-24 months of age

Question 26

How do toddlers characterise themselves?

Answer 26

Based on broad, concrete dimensions centred around age and gender

Question 27

What is a theory of mind?

Answer 27

An implicit set of ideas about the existence of mental states in the self and others

Question 28

What three stages do children go through in relation to understanding gender?

Answer 28

1) Gender identity: Categorise themselves/others as male/female 2) Gender stability: Understand that their gender remains constant over time 3) Gender constancy: Understand that a person's gender cannot be altered by changes in appearance or activities

Question 29

What does morality refer to?

Answer 29

The rules that people use to balance the conflicting interests of themselves and others

Question 30

What are Piaget's two stages of moral development?

Answer 30

Morality of constraint and morality of cooperation

Question 31

What occurs during the morality of constraint stage of moral development?

Answer 31

Children (<9-10 yrs) conform to social rules, believe that morals are absolute

Question 32

What occurs during the morality of cooperation stage of moral development?

Answer 32

Older children/adults view rules as strategies for keeping social interactions fair, safe and comfortable; rules can be changed with mutual consent

Question 33

What are Kohlberg's three levels of moral development?

Answer 33

1) Preconventional morality: People follow moral rules either to avoid punishment or obtain rewards 2) Conventional morality: Individuals define what is right by the standards they have learned from other people 3) Postconventional morality: People reason using abstract, self-defined moral principles that may not match convention

Question 34

What is the cognitive-social approach to moral development?

Answer 34

Focuses on moral behaviour rather than moral reasoning, suggests moral behaviours are learned trough conditioning and modelling

Question 35

What is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 35

Behaviour that benefits other individuals or groups

Question 36

What is the psychodynamic approach to moral development?

Answer 36

Children begin moral development as narcissistic, conscience arises through identification with parents; emphasises the role of guilt

Question 37

What does Erikson's model of psychosocial development consist of?

Answer 37

Eight stages spanning the lifespan, at each of the stages an individual faces a developmental task

Question 38

What are Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development?

Answer 38

1) Basic trust vs mistrust 2) Autonomy vs shame/doubt 3) Initiative vs guilt 4) Industry vs inferiority 5) Identity vs confusion 6) Intimacy vs isolation 7) Generativity vs stagnation 8) Integrity vs despair

Question 39

What are the three key resources for healthy adjustment to retirement?

Answer 39

Good physical health, adequate finances, long-term marital relationship