Social Developments

Question 1

Where did the middle class emerge from?

Answer 1

Growing urban centres

Question 2

Who ran and organised the new industrial world?

Answer 2

The emerging middle class

Question 3

What did the middle class begin to question?

Answer 3

The wealth and privileges of the old order

Question 4

How were the middle class described?

Answer 4

Competitive, hardworking and eager to enjoy their new wealth

Question 5

Where did the middle class live?

Answer 5

Substantial town houses

Question 6

True or False: The pattern of social behaviour the middle class adopted mimicked the upper classes.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

By 1800 what percentage of the population were middle class?

Answer 7

25%

Question 8

What class made up the majority of the population in urban centres?

Answer 8

Working class

Question 9

Where were most of the Working class employed?

Answer 9

In the new factories

Question 10

Who made up the industrial workforce?

Answer 10

Skilled craftsmen and unskilled labourers.

Question 11

True or False: The wages of the industrial workforce were lower than agricultural labourers.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

When did labourers receive a regular wage?

Answer 12

When the economy was booming

Question 13

Labourers had a ‘hand to mouth existence’ what did this depend on?

Answer 13

A job and wage provided by the middle class

Question 14

How were skilled craftsmen able to protect themselves during periods of economic downturn?

Answer 14

By joining Friendly Societies

Question 15

What was one disadvantage of the new urban society all classes shared?

Answer 15

A lack of political rights

Question 16

What did a lack of political rights cause?

Answer 16

New enlightened ideas which led to radicalism and reform in towns + cities.

Question 17

What did the w/c what to do to the existing political system?

Answer 17

Overthrow it

Question 18

What did the m/c what to do to the existing political system?

Answer 18

Modify it to include them

Question 19

In rural areas who controlled most political, economic and social activities?

Answer 19

Landowning classes

Question 20

How had the landowning classes become even wealthier?

Answer 20

• Enclosure
• Agricultural improvements
• Excavation of mineral products from their land (iron ore + coal)

Question 21

How did landowning classes benefit from industrial production

Answer 21

There was a greater opportunity for consumerism

Question 22

What group of people were seen as economic victims of enclosure?

Answer 22

Yeomen farmers

Question 23

Who made up the majority of the rural population?

Answer 23

Landless agricultural workers

Question 24

Who did the agricultural labourers resent? Why?

Answer 24

Landowners - many privileges
Tenant farmers - became prosperous

Question 25

What did the agricultural labourers resent?

Answer 25

- High rents - Payment in kind - Game Laws

Question 26

Why did agricultural labourers resent the Game Laws? What did it force them to do?

Answer 26

Prevented them from supplementing their basic diet. Forced to fall back on parish poor relief.

Question 27

What was the Speenhamland system of poor relief?

Answer 27

Supplementing wages with an allowance that varied based on the price of bread.

Question 28

Why did the Speenhamland system of poor relief fail?

Answer 28

increasing population and continuing industrialisation

Question 29

Why were factory workers paid a higher wage? Did it work?

Answer 29

To offset the poor conditions. Didn't work.

Question 30

Why was there little ventilation in cotton mills?

Answer 30

To prevent the wool from snapping humid temperatures were needed.

Question 31

Why was the lack of ventilation a problem?

Answer 31

Caused lung infections

Question 32

What was the most common injury in mills? Why?

Answer 32

Getting fingers and hair trapped in machines because there were no safety regulations or safety guards.

Question 33

Why was there a high risk of fire in mills/factories?

Answer 33

The machines were wooden.

Question 34

Why were workers fined?

Answer 34

For being late or slow

Question 35

Why did machines work 24hrs a day?

Answer 35

In order to generate maximum profit for the owner

Question 36

How long was a shift and how many days a week did they work?

Answer 36

12-16hrs 6 days a week

Question 37

What percentage of the work force were children?

Answer 37

20%

Question 38

Who made up most of the workforce in cotton factories? Why was this?

Answer 38

Women and children - cheaper to pay and easier to discipline

Question 39

Who much money did a man earn compared to his wife and children?

Answer 39

2x wife 10xchildren

Question 40

True or False: There was an allowance for sickness and compensation for personal injuries received at work.

Answer 40

False

Question 41

What was an exception to the grim factories?

Answer 41

New Lanark Mills in Scotland

Question 42

Who started the New Lanark mills? When?

Answer 42

Scottish businessman, David Dale. 1784

Question 43

Why were the New Lanark Mills different from any other mills?

Answer 43

The workforce was treated well - fed - clothed - taught to read and write - given physical exercise

Question 44

How many children died in New Lanark mills between 1785 and 1797?

Answer 44

14 out of 3000

Question 45

Give two examples of factory discipline.

Answer 45

Whipping and beating

Question 46

In what ways was the standard of living good?

Answer 46

- Food variety and consumption increased - Grater availability of goods - More food production - More people had a wage - Wages rose as prices rose - Tax on incomes made tax fairer

Question 47

Why did food production increase?

Answer 47

new farming techniques

Question 48

When was income tax introduced?

Answer 48

1798

Question 49

In what ways was the standard of living bad?

Answer 49

- Regional variations in wages and prices - Poor harvests - Unemployment rose - Poor living and working conditions

Question 50

How did war impact on the standard of living?

Answer 50

- Difficult to import goods e.g grain - Price of bread rose (due to lack of gain) meaning families could afford it - Manufactured goods were not evenly distributed - Taxation on consumer goods increased

Question 51

What was the price of grain in the 1970s then in 1811? What was its peak price?

Answer 51

1970s: £2.70 1811: £4.70 Peak: £6.40 (1812)

Question 52

What did poor standard of living cause?

Answer 52

Discontent which led to riots and protests.

Question 53

When were the Combination Acts?

Answer 53

1799 and 1800

Question 54

What did the Combination Acts do?

Answer 54

Ban workers from meeting to campaign for better conditions.

Question 55

What were trade societies?

Answer 55

Forerunners of trade unions. They represented the interests of the skilled artisans, dealing with employers to ensure a fair wage and protect them from unskilled workers taking their jobs.

Question 56

Who did trade societies represent?

Answer 56

Skilled Artisans

Question 57

What were Corresponding Societies?

Answer 57

Artisans and journeymen who spoke about the French Revolution and ideas of freedom and democracy.

Question 58

True or False: Corresponding Societies were made illegal.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

What would happen to people if they were found braking the Combination Acts?

Answer 59

Dealt with by magistrates without trial by a jury.