Social Developments To 1914

Question 1

What were the increase in factory workers between 1900 and 1913

Answer 1

There were 2 million factory workers in Russia by 1900 and 6,000,000 in 1913. The empire is urban population quadrupled from 7 to 28,000,000 between 1867 and 1917 mainly the result of peasants looking for work in the cities

Question 2

What were the working conditions in factories

Answer 2

Workers often found themselves living in Barrock-like building is owned by the factory owners and dangerously overcrowded and lacking in adequate sanitation. These workers had to eat in canteens and wash in Bath houses.

Question 3

What were the living conditions

Answer 3

About 40% of houses had no running water or sewage system. Those who could not afford rent simply laid down in factories alongside the machines or live too rough on the streets.

Question 4

What were workers wages

Answer 4

Wages varied tremendously according to whether they were skilled or on skilled. Women who comprised 1/5 of the industrial workforce in 1885 but one third by 1914 were paid the lowest earning less than half the average industrial wage.

Question 5

When were working conditions at the worst

Answer 5

1900 to 1908

Question 6

What workers legalisations were made between 1885 and 1912

Answer 6

1885-prohibited night time employment of women and children
1886 workers had to be implied according to contract is overseen by factory boards
1892 employment of children under 12 was forbidden and Female labour band in mines
1897-I was of work would use to 11 1/2
1903-more fission system off factory inspection
1912 sickness and accident insurance for all workers

Question 7

How was education in 1914

Answer 7

85 percent rise in primary schools between 1905 and 1914 and the government promoted technical schools and universities

Question 8

Give one example how strikers were dealt with

Answer 8

Workers at the Lena goldfields in Siberia went on strike for better wages and conditions in 1912 and troops were sent in and 270 workers were killed and 250 were injured

Question 9

What were conditions like for peasant farmers

Answer 9

Did not improve massively. Strip farming persisted on 90% of the land and there was still widespread rural poverty. The gap between the richest and poorest peasants became wider as the wealthier peasants (kulak) took advantage of the less favoured and bought out their impoverished neighbours.

Question 10

How were the poor peasants finding life

Answer 10

Harsher
Numbers were forced to leave their farms and join bands of migrant labourers looking for seasonal farming or industrial employment.
A minority migrated to Siberia and new agricultural settlements opened up by the trans Siberia railway however only 3.5 million from a peasant population of 97 million.

Question 11

What were the living standards in different parts of the country

Answer 11

Areas of former state peasants tended to be better off than those of the emancipated privately owned serfs because they had been granted more land.
Although their was an increase in military care through the zemstva a large proportion of the peasantry were turned town as unfit for he military.

Question 12

Who job roles were lacking in Russia

Answer 12

Few doctors for the large rural population. Teachers were also in short supply.

Question 13

How was the nobility socially

Answer 13

Stuffed because of emancipation but some thrived on the arrangement of land distribution or because of their investment in the industry.
1/3 of nobles land was transferred to townsmen or peasants between 1861-1905 and there was nobles who struggled to meet debts.
Nicholas encouraged social influence and was keen to see their power with the local zemstva retained.
Each empire had its own government assembly which met once a year.

May 1906 was the first meeting of the ‘united nobility’ which showed no led determine to retain there property rights

Still remained wealth and status

Question 14

How could the middle class be described socially

Answer 14

Expanded as the pace of the economic change quickened.
New businessmen and professional men were able to find comfortable lives for themselves, these positions became available due to the increase of the industrialising society.
There were some social mobility as nobles.
The growth of education and demand for administrators fuelled a growing middle class.

Question 15

What were the social position of the workers and peasantry

Answer 15

Population and economic growth mostly effected the workers and peasants.
In the country side, social adjustment was happening. Before 1914 peasant protest was a result of grievance, a failed harvest or unfair land allocations turning the peasants of political activism by 1914.

Question 16

How were the urban areas why was this a mistake for the autocracy

Answer 16

Urban areas- former peasants alienated from there families to associate with others who worked in close proximity. Here they became an easy target for political agitators. 
One of the greatest mistakes of the tsar was not dealing with the effects of social change in the cities for it was from the large discontent urban working class that helped massively to overthrow the regime in 1917.

Question 17

How may economic and political developments cause opportunities for women

Answer 17

May appeared to have little change- still patriarchal structure of Russian soviet.
However
Economic and political developments brought opportunities and aspiration for women. A greater number of women found greater independence through factory work. In Russia 1908 the first Russian congress of women was attended by 1035 delegates in St. Peterberg.

Question 18

How did the growth of education boring change

Answer 18

Government expenditure on primary education grew from 5 million in 1896 to 82 million in 1914. Over 6.5 million children between 8 and 11 (44 %) were receiving primary education. Only 1/3 were girls. With urban areas better provided than rural ones.
A basic level of education helped bring a sense of sense worth among the literate.
1767 newspapers being published a week by 1914.

Secondary and higher education remained elite.
However
Between 1860 and 1914 the number of university students in Russia grew from 500 to 69,000 ( 45% women).
Increase if literate skills meant more people could start reading the different views of the opposition,

Question 19

What was the ‘silver age’

Answer 19

The relaxation of censorship controls from 1905 produced the silver age of Russian culture. Dominated by poets. Experiments in modernisation offered new and often challenges to convention and showed than Russia was culturally as much a part of the ‘modern world’ as its advanced economic neigbours.

Question 20

What was the tercentenary celebrations

Answer 20

The emperor and his family drove through the streets of St Peterberg in open carriages and attended a thanksgiving service. Here a pair of doves flew and hovered over the tsar as a sign or God blessing. Everywhere the crowd thanked God for the tsar.

This gave some hope for the autocracy

Question 21

How did the years of 1894-1914 bring social change (summary)

Answer 21

Changes of the position of the middle class, workers and peasantry in particular were to have political consequences during the war years. 
Culturally there were some modernists experimentations which class it's an in built traditionalism. 
In 1914 Russia was a society of contrast but the old ways were soon to be swept away by the coming of war.