social groups

Question 1

Gary Ives West Yorkshire Study

Answer 1

‘Do you think people speak differently depending on their age?’ 63
teens askes, 100% said yes. Found that participants couldn’t recall particular
words from childhood, but could remember games, e.g. kerby, kiss-chase

Question 2

Penelope Eckert age

Answer 2

1998 - different ways of defining the concept of age:
chronological age, biological age, social age. 2003 - slang is used to establish a
connection to youth culture and to set themselves off from the older
generation…to signal coolness, toughness or attitude

Question 3

Jenny Cheshire

Answer 3

adult language as well as child language develops in response to important life events and the social relations and attitudes of individuals

Question 4

Douglas S Bigham

Answer 4

Emerging adulthood - therefore chronological age may still be an influential factor for younger speakers

Question 5

Polari

Answer 5

spoken in the skirts of the UK by homosexual men to prevent imprisonment as homosexual sex was illegal. Made up of italionate phrases, rhyming slang and can’t terms.

Question 6

What was Polari described as?

Answer 6

described as a form on anti-language. by Michael Holliday to describe how stigmatised subcultures develop languages that help them to reconstruct reality according to their own values

Question 7

Anna-Britta Strenstrom

Answer 7

Teenage Talk- irregular turn taking, overlaps, taboo, slang, verbal duelling (try to outdo each other), name calling, word shortening

Question 8

Ignacio Palacios Martinez

Answer 8

‘teenagers use negatives ore frequently than adults do’

Question 9

Unni Berland

Answer 9

‘innit’ more common amongst the working class teenagers while ‘yeah’ more common amongst middle class. ‘Okay’ used more by boys than girls

Question 10

Strenstrom, Andersen and Hausand

Answer 10

the use of non-standard grammatical features in teenagers speech, 14-16 year olds, - multiple negations, use of ‘ain’t’, ellipsis of auxiliary verbs, non-standard pronouns (theirself)

Question 11

Christopher V Odato

Answer 11

Found that ‘like’ isn’t just linked to teens, children as young as 4 were using it as a discourse marker

Question 12

Zimmerman

Answer 12

media, press, music, communication and graffiti influence teen language

Question 13

Vivian De Klerk

Answer 13

“young people have the freedom to challenge the linguistic norms. They speak to establish new identities, be seen as cool and belong to a group”

Question 14

Labov New York

Answer 14

The social class will affect the manner of how the English language is spoken and pronounced. The need to improve one’s social class may cause this change to spread.

Question 15

Labov Martha’s Vineyard

Answer 15

The social class will affect the manner of how the English language is spoken and pronounced. The need to improve one’s social class may cause this change to spread.

Question 16

Trudgill Norwich

Answer 16

1. In all social classes, the more careful the speech, the more likely people were to say walking rather than walkin’. 2. The proportion of walkin’ type forms was higher in lower social classes. 3. The nonstandard -in’ forms occurred much more often in men’s speech than in women’s, and this was true for all social classes. 4. When women were questioned about what they thought they were saying, they tended to say they used the standard -ing forms more often than they really did. 5. When men were questioned about what they thought they were saying, they tended to say they used the nonstandard -in’ forms more often than they really did.

Question 17

Petyt

Answer 17

working class people are far less likely to pronounce the /h/ sound at the start of a word. E.g. ‘appy’ instead of ‘happy’.

Question 18

Trudgill Detriot Study

Answer 18

Upper Middle Class used 2% of multiple negation, Lower Middle Class used 11% of multiple negation, Lower Working Class used 70% of multiple negation, Upper Working Class used 38% of multiple negation

Question 19

Bernstein

Answer 19

Restricted and elaborate codes instead of SE and regional dialects. M/C tend to use elaborate codes while W/C use restricted codes. Schools use elaborate codes too so easier for M/C children to access

Question 20

Eckert Jocks and Burnouts

Answer 20

The jocks are a school-oriented community of practice, embodying middle class culture. The burnouts are a locally-oriented community of practice, embodying working class culture. This kind of split occurs in many schools across the country, sometimes corresponding to ethnic boundaries as well.