social inequality - H

Question 1

what is social inequality

Answer 1

the unequal distribution of factors such as income, education or health across a population.

Question 2

what are the two different ways social inequality can occur

Answer 2

can occur between two different places
can occur within a place

Question 3

what is spatial inequality

Answer 3

the unequal distribution of factors such as income, education or health across geographic space at any scale (local, national, regional)

Question 4

what is standard of living

Answer 4

the ability to access services and goods

Question 5

what is quality of life

Answer 5

the extent to which peoples needs and desires (social, phycological, physical) are met.

Question 6

what is the HDI

Answer 6

human development index - a composite index comprising of:
- life expectancy
- education
- per capita income

Question 7

the HDI is used to rank countries into tiers of development what are these ranks

Answer 7

very high (>= 0.800)
high (0.700-0.799)
medium (0.550-0.699)
low (<= 0.549)

Question 8

what is the most widely used measure of inequality in a country

Answer 8

the Gini Index

Question 9

what does the Gini index look at

Answer 9

the distribution of a nations income or wealth

Question 10

what do 0 and 100 represent on a Gini index

Answer 10

0 - represents perfect equality
100 - represents perfect inequality

Question 11

what method was used in the 1980’s to measure inequalities

Answer 11

Brandt line

Question 12

what is the Brandt line

Answer 12

a line across the globe to visually depict the difference between the “rich north” and “poor south”

Question 13

why do we avoid the use of the Brant line

Answer 13

it is offensive to use

Question 14

What is an LIDC

Answer 14

a low income developing country

Question 15

what is an EDC

Answer 15

an emerging and developing country

Question 16

what is an AC

Answer 16

advanced countries

Question 17

why are some countries poorer than others

Answer 17

political factors - conflict, corruption
historical factors - colonial rule, independence
economic factors - trade restrictions, loans
environmental factors -natural disasters, disease

Question 18

what is absolute poverty

Answer 18

those living in poverty do not have the basic necessities for survival, food, shelter etc. - living on less than $1.90 a day

Question 19

what is relative poverty

Answer 19

the standard of living for those living in poverty is lower than the general living standards of the rest of the social group - in UK earning less than 60% of median household income.

Question 20

which factors contribute to social income

Answer 20

income/employment
gender
age
healthcare
education
personal mobility
ethnicity
housing quality
access to services

Question 21

how does housing quality show inequalities

Answer 21

people who rent have less stability and may face sudden price increases from landlords.
poor housing can lead to health issues e.g. if black mould grows
poor housing can lead to excessive and unexpected repair bills

Question 22

what is housing tenure

Answer 22

the ownership of a home. people who own their own home have more stability and can plan long term, though mortgage rates can change

Question 23

what scale does housing quality show

Answer 23

shows social inequality at any scale

Question 24

how does education affect inequalities

Answer 24

limited access to education can lead to deprivation
when education is invested in skill levels can raise, employment prospects improve, income and access to housing increase.

Question 25

what do some educational programmes focus on improving

Answer 25

health so children know how to stay healthy and in school

Question 26

how does healthcare affect inequalities

Answer 26

where you live in the UK can affect your access to the NHS In other countries if you cant pay for healthcare you have no access

Question 27

what does a lack of access to healthcare mean

Answer 27

can reduce employment and education opportunities if health issues cant be addressed.

Question 28

what is an unemployed person

Answer 28

someone seeking employment

Question 29

what is an economically inactive person

Answer 29

a person not seeking work

Question 30

What do higher/lower incomes across the country lead to

Answer 30

inequalities as having a higher income can provide benefits.

Question 31

what is multiple deprivation

Answer 31

where a household is deprived in more than one way

Question 32

what is the government

Answer 32

the group of people with the authority to govern a country or state

Question 33

how can governments reduce inequalities

Answer 33

public spending redistribute wealth through taxation introduce minimum wages and strengthen working regulations

Question 34

how can governments reinforce inequalities

Answer 34

investing in some places but not others impact of infrastructure decisions impact of fiscal policy e.g. cutting public sector pay

Question 35

what is the largest amount of government spending

Answer 35

welfare need - pensions, unemployment benefits (£319 billion)

Question 36

what is the second largest amount of government spending

Answer 36

NHS - (£212 billion)

Question 37

what project was launched in 2019

Answer 37

the towns fund aiming to invest £3.6 billion into over 100 towns as part of the governments plan to level up

Question 38

which towns were picked during the towns fund in 2019

Answer 38

three towns in Norfolk and Waveney with the greatest levels of social deprivation however other towns with high levels of poverty and deprivation were overlooked for more urban areas.

Question 39

what does the government invest in which can improve access to healthcare and education

Answer 39

invest in infrastructure - light rail projects which can boost economic growth and support increased employment and income for low income families who rely on public transport to commute.

Question 40

How much did the Elizabeth line and where does it go

Answer 40

£19 billion and provides quick travel east-west across London

Question 41

What is wealth redistribution

Answer 41

when those with higher earnings pay a higher tax (progressive taxation) and then some of this money goes to support more disadvantaged people

Question 42

in the UK what is the taxation rate

Answer 42

up to £13,000/yr : 0% 13,000 - £50,000/yr : 20% £50,000 - £125,000/yr - 40% >£125,000/yr - 45%

Question 43

wealth can be redistributed in a range of ways

Answer 43

jobseeker's allowance free school meals for children from deprived households disability living allowance free NHS dental for adults on low income

Question 44

how does the government reinforce inequalities through public spending

Answer 44

spending in marginal constituencies to sway voters - left many towns left behind as they weren't improved

Question 45

how are inequalities reinforced through foreign investment

Answer 45

investment is focused on the UK's 13 largest cities, in 1997 it was 38% but now is 59% - 2018

Question 46

why are more deprived areas overlooked by foreign investment

Answer 46

investment tends to be made in areas with transport availability and technological infrastructure - if the government isn't investing in them they wont be considered for foreign investment.

Question 47

why is healthcare worse in more deprived areas

Answer 47

they often have fewer GP's than those in less deprived areas.

Question 48

What is the patients per GP rate

Answer 48

2017: least deprived have 1,896 per GP - most deprived have 2,125 per GP

Question 49

What happened after the Beeching Report in the 1960s

Answer 49

5,000 miles of railway were removed and 2,300 stations closed.

Question 50

what happened to the areas most exposed to rail cuts between 1960 and 1980's

Answer 50

they have seen 24% less population growth