Social inequality trends and patterns Flashcards
(19 cards)
In 2020 what percentage of females entered higher education?
56.6%
In 2020 what percentage of males entered higher education?
44.1%
In 2021 and 2022 how many females achieved a first class degree?
33%
In 2021 and 2022 how many males achieved a first class degree?
31%
In 2022 how many females gained grades A*-C?
76.7%
In 2022 how many males gained grades A*-C?
69.8%
horizontal segregation
Barrier between male and female occupations varies between industries and there is evidence it has been declining
vertical segregation
Within an industry men and women tend to be concentrated at different levels, women are under-represented at most senior positions and encounter the glass ceiling
glass ceiling
a social barrier that makes it difficult for women to rise to the top level of management
Desai et al (1999)
Women are starting to break through the glass ceiling and they predict the occupational profiles of males and females will converge in the future
When did feminisation of the workplace occur?
in the 1980s as employment of women increased and changed in the economy have transformed the gender composition of the workforce
Crompton (1997)
speculates that with the decline in manual occupations and traditional male industries we might expect to see further decline in gender typed occupations
How is vertical segregation declining?
more women are becoming managers and the pay gap is closing very slowly
Pilcher (1999)
not all gender inequalities have swept away but there have been significant improvements because of economic change/ political processes
What is the gender pay gap in the private business sector?
27%
What is the pay gap in the public business sector?
17%
How many females are sacked per year for being pregnant?
54,000
How many females lose out pay per year for being pregnant?
440,000
What is social mobility?
The movement of an individual within or between social strata in society
