Social Influence

Question 1

Research into comformity
Asch- procedure

Answer 1

123 male American undergrads
Room with 7 confeds
Line (a,b,c) looked most like target line
18 trials confeds gave wrong ans. in 12

Question 2

Asch findings

Answer 2

1/3 of participants confirmed to the clearly incorrect majority
75% conformed on at least 1

Question 3

Variables affecting conformity

Answer 3

Group size- 4 optimal
Unanimity- one other gave a different answer from others - comf. Dropped
Difficulty- conformity increased if simi.

Question 4

Eval of Asch

Answer 4

Artificial situation
Ethical issues
Research support- Lucas eat al, conformed more to harder question

Question 5

Explanations of conformity

Answer 5

Normative- fit in
Informational- guidance

Question 6

Type of conformity

Answer 6

Compliance- fit in
Identification- public/priv acceptance
Internalisation- public/priv beliefs

Question 7

Eval of explanations of conformity

Answer 7

Indiv diff- does not predict conformity- Affiliators

Question 8

Confirming to social roles
Zimbardo procedure

Answer 8

21 male student volunteers
Randomly assigned role
De-individualism
Encouraged to identify with role

Question 9

Conforming to social roles
Zimbardo findings

Answer 9

One prisoner released for showing signs of Anxiety/ depression
One prisoner went on hunger strike
Ended after 6 not 14

Question 10

Conforming to social roles
Zimbardo Eval

Answer 10

Abu Ghraib- real life example US soldiers- human rights violations
Ethics- consent, protection from harm
Lack of realism- based on stereotypes

Question 11

Research into obedience
Milgram- procedure

Answer 11

A teacher(vol) a student(confed)
Ask a series of questions learner answered incorrectly administer a shock progressively until 450. 40 male

Question 12

Research into obedience
Milgram findings

Answer 12

65% went to 450volts (max)
100% went to 300volts

Question 13

Research into obedience
Milgram- eval

Answer 13

Pay- obliged to continue
Deception/ consent- not fully informed
Protection from harm- feel guilty

Question 14

Factors affecting obedience

Answer 14

Proximity- closer they are- less likely
Location- genuine location (lab)
Uniform- more likely to obey person in uniform

Question 15

Explanations for factors effecting obedience

Answer 15

Agentic state- deny personal responsibility for our actions
Legitimacy of authority- authority figure has power over us

Question 16

Factors affecting obedience
Eval - bickman

Answer 16

Bickman- field, New York, 3 conf. Dressed as jacket + tie, milkman, security guard- asked to perform tasks.
Security (92%) normal cloths (49%)

Question 17

Factors effecting obedience
Eval- hoffling

Answer 17

Field, set in hospital took orders from ‘bogus’ doctor, phoned 22nurses working alone on ward ‘dr smith’ ordered to administer 20mgof astroten

Question 18

Factors affecting obedience
Eval hoffling findings

Answer 18

21 of 22 nurses were prepared to obey and went to collect drug stopped by confed- nurses argued the order was not unusual

Question 19

Support for factors effecting obedience

Answer 19

Sheridan and king- puppy- to continue
Hoffling- obey authority figure nurse

Question 20

Criticism of factors effecting obedience

Answer 20

Cultural bias- ethnicity of participant
Low external validity- not an everyday task
Hoffling- over the phone

Question 21

Definition of dispositions factors

Answer 21

Any explanation of behaviour that highlights the importance of the Indivs behaviour

Question 22

Authoritarian personality

Answer 22

Why some indivs require little pressure to obey
Adorno et al- F scale

Question 23

Effects of authoritarian personality on obedience

Answer 23

Aborno at al argued people with an AR, sow respect for aurthority - more likely to take orders

Question 24

Adorno et al research

Answer 24

Interviewed 2000 former nazi soldiers
Used the f scale, measure response of questions,

Question 25

Authoritarian personality eval Elms and Milgram

Answer 25

20 ‘obedient’ 20 ‘not’ from Milg. Study Completed a personality scale and f scale, q’s about upbringing, -higher levels of AP among obedient.

Question 26

Eval of aborno et al

Answer 26

Culture and gender bias Generalisability issues

Question 27

Types of locus of control

Answer 27

Internal- I can control External- I can’t control

Question 28

Research into LoC Oliner and Oliner

Answer 28

Interviewed two groups of non-Jews who lived through holocaust in Germ. 406- rescued Jews, 126 didn’t. ‘Rescuers’ more likely to be internal

Question 29

Social support Obedience, conformity

Answer 29

Obedience- reduced by one other dissenting partner Conformity- reduced by a dissenting peer

Question 30

LoC eval

Answer 30

Cultural bias Not precise

Question 31

What needs to happen for social change to take place

Answer 31

Consistency Commitment Flexibility

Question 32

Eval of consistency Moscivici

Answer 32

All female, shown 36 blue slides G1- confeds all answered green G2- confeds answered blue+green 8.42% yielded to G1 1.25% to G2

Question 33

Flexibility eval

Answer 33

Groups of 4, ski lift accident. 1 confed. Con1)argued for low comp. Inflexible Con2)argued for low comp. Flexible Inflexible no effect, flexible more likely

Question 34

Stages for ‘conversion’ Draw attention to an issue

Answer 34

Evidence that people who brought about change had a internal LoC, r.g. Rosa parks

Question 35

Stages for ‘conversion’ Cognitive conflict

Answer 35

Creates conflict in the minds of the majority between what is currently believed and what the minority believes. E.g. recycling

Question 36

Stages for conversion Consistency

Answer 36

Moscovici

Question 37

Stages for conversion Augmentation principle

Answer 37

Minority suffers for its views, e.g. feminism/suffragettes

Question 38

Stages for conversion Snowball effect

Answer 38

Initially small, spreads until large scale social change. Martin Luther king, 1964 civil rights act passed

Question 39

Stages of conversion Social cryptomnesia

Answer 39

Becomes part of the norm, recycling

Question 40

Eval for social change

Answer 40

Moscovici People still resist social change People don’t like yo be associated with stereotypes of some groups

Question 41

Eval for social change Deeper processing

Answer 41

May not play role in how minorities bring about change. Mackie- majority influence,to believe people think same way, if diff forced to think about views