Social influence Flashcards

Question

Outline 3 studies and what they found on social rules, norms and scripts

Answer 1

Hare(2003) - social role is a pattern of behaviour - Expected in a given setting or group Deutsch&Gerard(1955) - social norm is an expectation of what is appropriate. Schank& Abelson(1977) - a script is a person's knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting

Answer 2

Advertisement placed in 1971 Asked for male volunteers 70 volunteered Went through psychological testing - eliminated underlying psychiatric issues Down to 24 healthy male college students. Each paid 15 a day Randomly assigned prisoner or guard.

Answer 3

Mock prison makes in basement of Stanford University. Ps assigned prisoner were fake arrested at their homes by Palo Alto police officers, Booked at a police station, Taken back to the mock prison. Experiment was scheduled for 2 weeks

Answer 4

Surprise to researchers, Prisoners and guards assumed their roles with energy Day 2- some prisoners revolted. Guards threatened with night sticks. Soon guards came to harass prisoners in sadistic manner Lack of privacy Lack of basic comforts Prisoners showed signs of anxiety and hopelessness. Began tolerating guards abuse. After 6 days experiment stopped due to participant's deteriorating behaviour

Answer 5

Roles - guards and prisoners engaged in appropriate behaviours for their roles. Norms - required guards to be authoritarian and prisoners submissive. When prisoners rebelled, violated norms, led to upheaval. Scripts Specific acts of guards and prisoners derived from scripts. Some prisoners became so immersed that they showed symptoms of mental breakdown - Alexander proved none faced long term harm.

Answer 6

Abu Ghraib Abuse on US army troops in prisoner of war camps like Abu Ghraib in 2003-4 Photographs document offences

Answer 7

To investigate how people conformed to roles given to them in an experiment in a mock psychiatric ward

Answer 8

Mock psychiatric ward active for three days. 52 staff members took part - 29 volunteered as mock patients -22 worked their jobs as normal

Answer 9

Gave insight into real patient's experiences in hospital - influenced hospital staff to empathise more with patients

Answer 10

Mock patients quickly began to act like normal hospital patients Conformed to given roles Lots showed signs of having withdrawal and depression Six mock patients attempted to escape the ward Some mock patients admitted to feelings of lost identity

Answer 11

To observe how dynamics between guards and prisoners in a mock experiment have changed over time

Answer 12

Controlled observation Set in a mock prison Filmed for broadcasting 15 male volunteers took part. Assigned roles randomly: 5 guards 10 inmates Compliance, stress and depression levels were measured daily. They were told that one random prisoner would be promoted and become a guard on day three An ethics committee was set up and could stop the study at any time.

Answer 13

The guards find not form a group, Did not always use their authority Did not identify with their assigned role Unequal system eventually failed because guards had a week group identity Prisoners formed a strong group identity Day 1-3: prisoners acted in ways they thought would allow them to become guards. Day 4: prisoners formed a stronger identity because they couldn't get promoted Day 6: prisoners rebelled. Ps formed a democracy Day 6-: democracy eventually failed because of group tensions. Some ex- prisoners tried to establish a hierarchy. Ethics committee stopped the experiment because of participant stress levels.

Answer 14

- volunteers didn't embody their assigned roles - implies flexibility of roles

Answer 15

No deception Protection, ethics committee., debrief and counselling offered Artificial situation, low ecological validity, can't be generalised well Staged for TV, many people claim parts of study were staged or participants influenced by cameras. Lack of empowerment, Zimbardo's guards were promoted to keep order.

Answer 16

The change of an individuals behaviour to comply with a demand by an authority figure Often comp,y because ed with consequences

Answer 17

Adolf Eichmann Nazi war criminal Defended his crimes by saying he was "just following orders" Milgram wanted to test validity of this defence

Answer 18

40 male volunteers Led to believe that they were participating in a study to improve learning and memory Ps shown how to use a device that delivered electric shocks of different intensities to the learners. Ps were told to shock learners if they gave a wrong answer to a test item and the show would help them to learn. Shocks were increased in 15- volt increments up to 450 volts. Ps didn't know learners were confederates. Cos didn't actually receive shocks.

Answer 19

Ps obediently and repeatedly shocked learners Ds cried out for help, begged the participant to stop and complained of heart trouble When R told Ps to continue, 65% continued to shock to maximum voltage , To the point learner was unresponsive

Answer 20

Location - moved to an office space - highest shock rate dropped to 48% Proximity -learner was in the same room -highest shock rate dropped to 40% - teachers and learners hands were touching - highest shock rate dropped to 30% - R gave orders by phone - highest shock rate dropped to 23% Show that when humanity increased, obedience decreased. When authority of R decreased, obedience decreased

Answer 21

Lab experiment - strict control of variables, establish cause and effect Low ecological validity - artificial situation Deception - ps couldn't give informed consent because they didn't know real nature of study. Weren't told they could withdraw Lack of protection - ps we're visibly stressed HOWEVER no formal ethical guidelines existed at the time Potential low internal validity Ps might have knows that they weren't inflicting real shocks and just did what the R wanted. HOWEVER Milgram stated that Ps displayed levels of stress so study was genuine.

Answer 22

Milgram Suggested that people could enter a state where they pass responsibility onto those giving orders. More legitimate, more likely to be obeyed

Answer 23

state Behaves as agent for other person Allows them to deny responsibility, Distance themselves from consequences of actions

Answer 24

When people can control and act according to their own wishes

Answer 25

Milgram(1963) Noted Ps felt under moral strain but still obeyed, When R was not in the same room, obedience fell for, 62.5% to 20.4%

Answer 26

Obedient people accept power and status of legitimate authority figures More likely to obey them Higher up in social hierarchy, more likely to be obeyed Taught through early socialisation

Answer 27

When individuals shift from the autonomous state to the agentic state Milgram Started autonomous then agentic

Answer 28

Insistence of authority- Experimenter told Ps to continue even. If stressed Pressure of location - Conducted in university. See Ex as legitimate authority Unwillingness to disrupt- Ps might've felt like they couldn't stop experiment bc already been payed

Answer 29

Adorno et al

Answer 30

Adorno proposed personality stems from early childhood experiences People with strict parents develop more authoritarian personalities Developed the f-scale designed to measure levels of authoritarian personality

Answer 31

Elms and Milgram(1966) Correlation between personality type and AT using Milgram's procedure. H Correlations study means we cant be sure personality type was the cause of high levels of obedience Correlation ≠ causation F-scale questionnaire is easily manipulated. Means Ps could've second guessed questions Also correlates with education levels, Alternative explanation

Answer 32

When other people defy attempts to make them conform and obey, It becomes easier for the individual to resist. Presence of dissenters creates strong sources of defiance.

Answer 33

Asch(1951) If dissenter answered correctly from start, Conformity dropped from 32% to 5.5% I'd dissenter answered correctly later in the study, conformity dropped to 8.5% Social support received earlier is more effective Milgram 2 confederates paired with real Ps left, only. 10% gave maximum Creation of disobedient group norms puts more pressure on participants to conform

Answer 34

Created a 13-part questionnaire Measured internal and external LoC. Scored range from 0 to 13 Low score =internal High score = external

Answer 35

The extent to which people think they're in control of their lives. Internal - things happen as a result of our choices and decisions External- things happen because of luck, fate or other external forces. People with internal are less likely to conform

Answer 36

Spector(1983) Ps with high external LoC conformed more than those with low external - only in normative social pressure Neither conformed in groups of ISP Shows that feelings like we don't need to be accepted into a social group increased our ability to resist social influence

Answer 37

Moghaddam(1998) Japanese people conform more easily than Americans and also have a more external LoC. Shows cultural differences in conformity can be explained by differences in LoC

Answer 38

Told Ps to give what they be,I ever was a painful, skin damaging burst of ultrasound to a learner. Found no relationship between LoC and obedience. But Ps who gave high doses, those with internal LoC were more likely to take responsibility for their actions. Shows that feelings of personal control could be related to resistance to social influence

Answer 39

The process of how minority attitudes become majority. New belief takes form without conscious understanding of where it came from.

Answer 40

Avermaet(1966) As more people change their attitudes, change quicken

Answer 41

The process where majority gradually adopt new minority view. New belief is accepted both publically and privately Type of internalisation

Answer 42

Consistency - indicates they're committed Commitment- Seen as stronger if minority has had to resist social pressure and abuse because of their viewpoint. Consistency and commitment create doings in established norms. This leads to people re-examining their own behaviour and beliefs Flexibility Seen as more co operative and persuasive Identification Appealing to similarities such as gender ( Maas et al 1982) Gay people arguing for gay rights wasn't as successful as straight people fighting for gay rights.

Answer 43

Systematic Minority viewpoint is carefully considered over time Superficial Instantly dismissed without analysis

Answer 44

Latané and wolf(1981) There are three factors that cause social impact when combined in sufficient measure People change their behaviour if they're put under pressure

Answer 45

Immediacy: How recent or physically close the source of pressure is Numbers: The size of the group applying pressure Strength: How powerful the person/group applying pressure is

Answer 46

Sedikides and Jackson(1990) Field experiment in the bird house at a zoo

Answer 47

Mullen(1985) Analysed data from social impact theory studies. Criticised using self report techniques instead of observable behaviour

Answer 48

Lab experiment 192 female participants Women split into groups of 6 with 2 confederates per group. One control group with no confederates. Groups asked to identify the colour of 36 slides. All were different shades of blue. Consistent confederates identified wall 36 slides as green Inconsistent confederates identified 12 slides as blue and the other 24 as green.

Answer 49

Groups with consistent confederates - 32% Ps identified at least one slide as green. -8% of the time, Ps identified slides as green Groups with inconsistent confederates -1% of the time, Ps identified slides as green Control group - 0.25% of the time, Ps identified slides as green.

Answer 50

Minority groups had more influence when they behaved consistent

Answer 51

Control group result - proves minority groups had influence Low ecological validity - ps we're in an artificial situation Low generalisability Female Ps only

Answer 52

2 confederates per group Three conditions: - confederate identified every slide as green - confederate identified darker slides as green and brighter slides as green-blue -confederates randomly identified slides as green or green-blue

Answer 53

Inconsistent - didn't influence any participants Consistently identifying slides as green - didn't influence participants Lighter/darker - significant influence on Ps

Answer 54

Strict consistency was not effective. Ds responses seemed implausible when they could answer using multiple colours. Flexible consistency was the most effective

Social influence Flashcards

(79 cards)