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A Level Psychology > Social Influence - Booklet 3 > Flashcards

Social Influence - Booklet 3 Flashcards

Explanations of resistance to social influence, Minority influence, Social change (66 cards)

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1
Q

define resistance to social influence

A

-refers to the ability of people to withstand the social pressure to conform to the majority or to obey authority
-this ability to withstand social pressure is influenced by both situational and dispositional factors

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2
Q

define social support

A

-the presence of people who resist pressures to conform or obey can help others to do the same
-these people act as models to show others that resistance to social influence is possible

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3
Q

define locus of control

A

-the sense we each have about what directs events in our lives
-internals believe they are mostly responsible for what happens to them
-externals believe it is a matter of luck or other outside forces

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4
Q

describe social support

A

-helps resist obedience and conformity
-perceive a shared punishment or consequences as others don’t conform/obey
-not long lasting

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5
Q

evidence for social support helping resist conformity

A

-aschs only variation
-non conforming role model not following the majority
-naive participant had the confidence to resist the pressure
-social norms broken
-participant had independent behaviour
-as the role model starts to conform to the majority so does the participant

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6
Q

evidence for social support helping resist obedience

A

-milgrams variation of disobedient confederate
-brought another teacher
-gave advice to disobey giving shocks
-acts as a model for the participant to free them to act from their own conscience
-had confidence to resist pressure
-obedience decreased to 10%

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7
Q

who proposed locus of control

A

rotter

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8
Q

describe locus of control

A

-refers to personality
-continuum from high internal to high external
-measured by questionnaire
-choose out of two statements to agree
-statements related to points

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9
Q

features of an internal locus of control

A

-solely responsible
-total accountability for successes, failures, events
-independent behaviour

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10
Q

features of an external locus of control

A

-doesn’t take personal responsibility
-blames anything else eg luck and fate
-obey and conform

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11
Q

A03 points for social support

A

-strength= allen and levines research using an asch type study
-strength= gamson et als recreation of milgrams experiment

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12
Q

A03 points for LOC

A

-strength= holland repeating milgrams baseline study
-weakness= twenge et al
-weakness= rotter
-weakness= measured by questionnaire

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13
Q

evidence for conformity decreasing supporting social support

A

-allen and levine investigated effects on conformity with one dissenter in an asch type study
-found that conformity decreased
-especially when dissenter wore thick glasses and said he had vision difficulty

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14
Q

evidence for obedience decreasing supporting social support

A

-gamson et al recreated milgrams study in groups
-higher levels of resistance
-had to produce evidence used to help an oil company run a smear campaign

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15
Q

evidence for high internal loc increasing independent behaviour supporting loc

A

-holland repeated milgrams baseline study
-measured participants loc
-37% of internals did not continue
-23% of externals did not continue
-so obedience decreases in internal LOC

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16
Q

evidence for resistance to obedience and loc being unrelated which opposes loc

A

-twenge et al analysed data from american loc studies over 40 years
-people more resistant to obedience but more external
-resistance not linked to internal loc
-so independent behaviour could be due to a changing society

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17
Q

evidence for loc being irrelevant in daily situations which opposes loc

A

-rotter states loc only happens in novel situations
-it has little influence over our behaviour in familiar situations
-likely to repeat behaviour from past situations even when high internal

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18
Q

evidence for flawed methodology opposing loc

A

-questionnaire
-fixed response with all parts completed
-time consuming and boring
-answers affected by social desirability as some could give false answers to fit the research
-invalid responses

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19
Q

define minority influence

A

-a form of social influence in which a minority of people (sometimes just one person) persuades others to adopt their beliefs, attitudes or behaviours
-this leads to internalisation or conversion as private attitudes are changed as well as public

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20
Q

define consistency

A

-keeping the same beliefs

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21
Q

explain consistency

A

-increases the amount of interest from others
-can be agreement between people in the minority group (synchronic consistency) or consistency over time (diachronic consistency)
-makes people start to rethink their own views

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22
Q

define commitment

A

-demonstrating dedication to a position

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23
Q

explain commitment

A

-engaging in extreme activities to draw attention to their views
-at some risk to the minority to demonstrate commitment
-majority group members pay more attention (augmentation principle)

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24
Q

define flexibility

A

-accepting the possibility of compromise

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25
explain flexibility
-consistency can be interpreted negatively due to rigidity -members of minority prepared to adapt views and accept reasonable counter arguments -balance needed between consistency and flexibility
26
which is the most important behaviour for successful minority influence
consistency
27
aim of moscovicis study
-investigate the process of minority influence by looking at how consistency can be used to affect opinions of a larger group
28
procedure of moscovicis study
-all female group of participants -given eye test to check weren't colour blind -placed in a group of 4 participants and 2 confederates -shown 36 slides of different blue shades -asked to state colour out loud -randomly allocated to one of two groups 1- confederates were consistent and answered green for all slides 2- confederates were inconsistent and answered green 24 times and blue 12 times
29
findings of moscovicis study
-8.42% of trials in consistent group resulted in agreeing with minority -32% participants agreed at least once -1.25% inconsistent group trials resulted in agreeing
30
conclusion of moscovicis study
-minorities can change the opinion of the majority if they are consistent
31
describe conversion
-after hearing something new -people are made to think about the topic -over time switch from the majority position to minority position
32
describe the snowball effect
-the more people switch from majority to minority -the faster the rate of conversion -minority view becomes majority view
33
describe social crypto amnesia
-people have a memory that change has occurred but don't remember how it happened
34
A03 points for minority influence
-sample -unethical -lab experiment -real life examples
35
evidence for sample limiting minority influence
-female participants -lacks population validity -results difficult to generalise -beta bias
36
counter for sample limiting minority influence
-participants had to be same gender and had an eye test so the research was standardised -no researcher bias as participants randomly allocated
37
evidence for research being unethical which opposes minority influence
-participants deceived as unaware 2 of the the participants were confederates -could not give informed consent -results have less value
38
counter for unethical research into minority influence
-would have debriefed participants -had the right to withdraw -deception needed to avoid demand characteristics
39
evidence for lab experiment supporting minority influence
-replicable -extraneous variables controlled -standardised -results are reliable as cause and effect established
40
counter for lab experiment supporting minority influence
-involves an artificial environment -lacks ecological validity -artificial task -lacks mundane realism
41
define social change
-when a society adopts a new belief or way of believing that then becomes widely accepted as the norm
42
how is social change initiated
-minority influence -examples of snowball effect occurring
43
how many processes are needed for a social change to become the norm
6
44
which 6 processes are needed for social change to become the norm
-attention -conflict -consistency -augmentation -snowball effect -social crypto amnesia
45
explain attention leading to social change
-drawing attention from the majority which can create a conflict as the majority and minority have different views
46
real life example of attention leading to social change
-colin kaepernick started to protest by taking a knee during the national anthem at games
47
explain conflict leading to social change
-minority creating a conflict between what majority group members currently believe, and the position advocated by the minority -causes the majority to think more deeply
48
real life example of conflict leading to social change
-CK led people to be in conflict about whether his actions were acceptable -trump threatened to fire kneeling players
49
explain consistency leading to social change
-minorities are more influential when they express their arguments consistently
50
real life example of consistency leading to social change
-CKs protest lasted for a few years and during many games
51
explain augmentation leading to social change
-minority is committed to their views as they are willing to suffer -their views are taken more seriously and are considered
52
real life example of augmentation leading to social change
-CK lost his career and received death threats by taking the knee
53
explain snowball effect leading to social change
-minority influence initially has a small effect but this spreads more widely when more and more people consider the issues promoted
54
real life example of snowball effect leading to social change
-CKs actions led to worldwide BLM protests
55
explain social cryptoamnesia leading to social change
-people have an awareness that a social change has occurred but don't remember how it happened
56
real life examples of social crypto amnesia leading to social change
-CKs actions have not yet led to social change as protests are ongoing -suffragette movement and recycling are social changes
57
evidence of minority influence in the suffragette movement
-started with a small group of women -led to snowball effect and social cryptoamnesia as the vote for women was achieved
58
evidence of consistency in the suffragette movement
-campaign lasted over 20 years
59
evidence of commitment in the suffragette movement
-causing injury just for the cause
60
evidence of flexibility in the suffragette movement
-put campaign on hold for national unity
61
evidence of minority influence in rosa parks
-began with one person -led to snowball effect and social cryptoamnesia as now black rights are respected
62
evidence of consistency in rosa parks
-boycott lasted a long time
63
evidence for commitment in rosa parks
-rosa parks got arrested
64
AO3 - real life examples of social change
-colin kaepernick demonstrated all 6 processes of social change by taking the knee at a football game -shows relevance in real life
65
AO3- social change showed by moscovicis research
-investigated impacts of consistency using an inconsistent and a consistent condition -more participants answered the same as the confederates in the consistent condition -increases validity of the 6 processes as an explanation
66
AO3- limitation of social changes
-occur slowly and effects are fragile -charles nemeth argues the effects of minority influence are indirect and delayed -the majority is influenced on matters only related to the issue at hand, not the central issue -only indirectly effective

A Level Psychology (16 decks)

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