Social policies

Question 1

How did the Nazi regime control the teachers ?

Answer 1

• under Law for the re-establishment of a Professional Civil Service (1933) teachers were dismissed on political grounds or because they were Jewish
• most teacher complied
• from 1935 central directives were issued by the Ministry of Education covering what could be taught

Question 2

How did the Nazi regime control school curriculums ?

Answer 2

• promoted ‘racial health’ emphasis on physical education - military drills in PE
• German lessons instilled a ‘consciousness of being German’
• in biological there was a stress of race and hereditary - also the concept of survival of the fittest
• geography used to introduced concepts like lebensraum (living space), ‘blood and soil’ and German racial superiority

Question 3

What % of university places were women restricted to ?

Answer 3

10%

Question 4

What % on university places were Jews restricted to ?

Answer 4

1.5%

Question 5

How many uni staff were dismissed under the Law for the Re-establishment of a Professional Civil Service ?

Answer 5

about 1200 - political and racial reasons

Question 6

What were all university teacher made to sign ?

Answer 6

a ‘Declaration in support of Hitler and the Nationalist Socialist State’ in Nov 1933

Question 7

What were uni students forced to do?

Answer 7

• join German student League (DS)
• four months labour service
• two months in an SA camp

Question 8

How many students got around joining the DS (German student league) ?

Answer 8

25%

Question 9

Why was there very little resistance within universities ?

Answer 9

• dominated by nationalist and anti-democratic values traditionally
• students knew there prospects of employment after graduating depended on their outward support of the regime

Question 10

When was the Hitler Youth created ?

Answer 10

1926

Question 11

When did the HY become an official educational movement ?

Answer 11

1936 under a Law for the Incorporation of German Youth

Question 12

When was the HY made compulsory?

Answer 12

1939

Question 13

When did the HY become more rigid?

Answer 13

late 1930s

Question 14

When did membership for the League of German Girls (BDM) become compulsory ?

Answer 14

1939

Question 15

Who did the BDM groups include ?

Answer 15

they were relatively classless with girls from many backgrounds becoming members

Question 16

How did girls react to BDM ?

Answer 16

they found their experience liberating as they were doing things that their mothers had not been allowed to do and they could escape from the constraints of the home

Question 17

What did BDM implement after 1934?

Answer 17

girls were expected to do a years work on the land or in domestic service to put them in touch with peasant roots and give them practical experience in childcare - also developed sense of serving the community

compulsory by 1939

Question 18

When was HY the only youth movement allowed ?

Answer 18

1939

Question 19

Why were the Nazi’s concerned by 1939 when it came to youth ?

Answer 19

concerned about the re-emergence of youth cliques

Question 20

What was the main Nazi priority towards women ?

Answer 20

raise birth rate

Question 21

How were Nazi aims towards women pursued through policies :

Answer 21

• marriage loans were introduced for women who left work and married an Aryan - loan repayment reduces a quarter for every child
• medals for ‘donating a baby to the Fuhrer’ bronze = 4 or 5
  silver = 6 or 7
  gold = 8
• birth control discouraged
• abortion severely restricted
• women encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle

Question 22

What organisations did Nazi’s create to promote their values for women :

Answer 22

• German Women’s League (DFW)
• Nationalist Socialist Women’s Organisation (NS-F)
• Reich Mother’s Service (RMD)

Question 23

When was the German Women’s League set up and why ?

Answer 23

in 1933 to coordinate all women’s groups under Nazi control

Question 24

By 1939 how many members did the German Women’s League have?

Answer 24

over 6 milion

Question 25

What did the National Socialist Women's Organisation do ?

Answer 25

promoted Nazi ideology that women should be child-rearers and homemakers

Question 26

By 1939 how many women had attended the motherhood training provided by the Reich Mother's Service (RMD) ?

Answer 26

1.7 million women

Question 27

Was policy towards women successful ?

Answer 27

birth rate rose the cause of it is debateable tho as improved economic situation would have also encouraged couples to have more children

Question 28

When were trade unions banned ?

Answer 28

1933

Question 29

When was the German Labour Front (DAF) established ?

Answer 29

May 1933

Question 30

Who led the DAF ?

Answer 30

Robert Ley

Question 31

How did the DAF become the largest organisation in the third Reich ?

Answer 31

took over assets of the banned trade unions

Question 32

Why did DAF membership grow rapidly ?

Answer 32

it was the only recognised organisation representing workers

Question 33

What was DAF subsidiary organisation ?

Answer 33

'Strength Through Joy'

Question 34

What did 'Strength Through Joy' do ?

Answer 34

organised worker's leisure time

Question 35

What did the DAF begin to provide in 1936?

Answer 35

vocational training to improve workers skills

Question 36

What did the DAF's business empire include :

Answer 36

- banks - housing associations - construction companies - VW car plan - travel company

Question 37

How many paid employees did the DAF have by 1939 ?

Answer 37

44,500

Question 38

What did Nazi's do to appeal workers ?

Answer 38

- improved leisure facilities - opportunities provided by Strength Through Joy

Question 39

Who was Strength Through Joy (KdF) set up by ?

Answer 39

Robert Ley and the DAF

Question 40

What did KdF aim to do :

Answer 40

- submerge individual into the mass - encourage a spirit of social equality - break down regional and religious differences - encourage sport to improve mental and physical health of the nation - encourage competition and ambition

Question 41

Through the KdF what were workers offered :

Answer 41

- holidays - sporting activities - hikes - theatre - cinema all at reduced prices - also classical music at lunch breaks in factories

Question 42

How many paid employees did the KdF have in 1939?

Answer 42

7000

Question 43

KdF membership by 1936 ?

Answer 43

membership with KdF came automatically with DAF membership so by 1936 35 million belonged to it

Question 44

According to reports why was KdF popular ?

Answer 44

not because people shared its Nazi ideological aims but because it offered workers a means of escaping the boredom and pressure of their working lives

Question 45

Where can we see a lack of coherence in Nazi religious policy ?

Answer 45

Hitler was careful not to alienate the Church stating Nazism posed no threat while others like Robert Ley wanted to replace the Christian Church with a new Nazi faith

Question 46

What was the main Protestant church in Germany ?

Answer 46

the German Evangelical Church

Question 47

Characteristics of the Evangelical church :

Answer 47

- nationalist - conservate - strong tradition of respect for the state - anti-semitic - anti-communist

Question 48

When was the Reich church formed ?

Answer 48

spring and summer of 1933

Question 49

What was the Reich church made up of ?

Answer 49

the Evangelical church coordinated into a single centralised church under the Nazi control

Question 50

Who were the German Christians ?

Answer 50

a pressure group of Nazi's operating within the Evangelical

Question 51

Church election of July 1933 results ?

Answer 51

German Christians with the help of Goebbles won by far

Question 52

Who was appointed Reich Bishop ?

Answer 52

Ludwig Müller

Question 53

What did Muller do as Reich Bishop ?

Answer 53

he abolished all elected bodies and reorganised it on the leadership principle

Question 54

How did the German Christians celebrate their success ?

Answer 54

Mass rally at the Sports Palace in Berlin in Nov 1933

Question 55

What was the Reich Church forced to adopt ?

Answer 55

Aryan paragraph 18 pastors mostly men who had converted to christianity from Judaism were dismissed

Question 56

Who established the Pastors' Emergency League ?

Answer 56

Niemöller and BonhoeffeR

Question 57

What did the Pastors's emergency League turn into ?

Answer 57

the Confessional Church

Question 58

How many pastors supported the dissenting Confessional Church ?

Answer 58

about 5000

Question 59

How did the regime try to weaken the Confessional Church :

Answer 59

- repression - exploiting divisions within it

Question 60

How did the regime marginalise Christianity ?

Answer 60

reducing its influence over the young through the abolition of Church schools in late 1930s and pressure on young to join HY

Question 61

What was the Church secession campaign ?

Answer 61

it persuaded party members to renounce their church membership

Question 62

How much success did the Church Secession Campaign have :

Answer 62

- by 1939 5% were stated to be 'god believers' - party members were not allowed to hold a church office - stormtroopers forbidden to wear uniforms at church services - pressure also put on those whose employment depended on the regime ( teachers, civil servants)

Question 63

What was the Protestant church that dissented against the regime ?

Answer 63

the confessional church

Question 64

How did the Roman Catholic Church react to the Nazis coming into power?

Answer 64

adopted a policy of cooperation and compromise to preserve its autonomy

Question 65

What happened to Catholic trade unions in May 1933 ?

Answer 65

they voluntarily disbanded

Question 66

What was the agreement between the regime and the Vatican ?

Answer 66

a concordat

Question 67

When was a concordat agreed ?

Answer 67

July 1933

Question 68

What did the concordat state ?

Answer 68

- Catholic Church will not interfere in politics - regime will not interfere with CC

Question 69

What was the problem with the concordat ?

Answer 69

not long before Nazi's broke agreement

Question 70

When and how did the Nazi's break the agreement of the concordat ?

Answer 70

summer of 1933 Nazis began to seize CC property and force them to close C newspapers ordered to drop work C from name Gestapo and SS put CP's under surveillance In NofLK many leading C's were executed by SS (Fritz Gerlich)

Question 71

How did the CC react to the regime break the concordat ?

Answer 71

made no protest believing supporting regime would be the best way to protect the Church

Question 72

When did some CP's begin to speak out ?

Answer 72

in 1935-36

Question 73

Who led the CC's criticism of the regime ?

Answer 73

Clemens von Galen and Archbishop of Münster

Question 74

How did the regime respond to C criticism of the regime ?

Answer 74

increased pressure: - public meetings restricted - C newspapers censored and many had Nazi editors imposed on them - Goebbles launched a propaganda campaign against financial corruption in Catholic lay organisations - funds seized, offices closed by SA - HY made compulsory

Question 75

How did Pope Pius respond to the regimes increased pressure ?

Answer 75

issuing an encyclical called 'With Burning Grief' in 1937

Question 76

How did the regime respond to pope pius issuing 'With Burning Grief' ?

Answer 76

increased pressure further: - Gestapo and SS agents placed in CC organisations - tightening of restrictions of C press - monastries closed and assets seized - Goebbles publicised sex scandals involving CP's - around 200 arrested and tried on sex charges - campaign to close church schools and by summer of 1939 all had been converted to community schools