Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behavior (CH8)

Question 1

Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks) and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks).

Answer 1

Social Facilitation (Yerkes-Dodson)

Question 2

When the presence of a large group provides anonymity and causes a loss of individual identity.

Answer 2

Deindividuation

Question 3

Deindividuation can lead to behavior against the norm. This is called?

Answer 3

Antinormative Behavior

Question 4

A phenomenon that occurs in social groups wherein individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present (the more people standing by, the less likely any one of those people is to help).

Answer 4

Bystander Effect

Question 5

Refers to the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually (ex. group project).

Answer 5

Social Loafing

Question 6

Social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual.

Answer 6

Peer Pressure

Question 7

When an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group. To eliminate internal conflict from two opposing ideas, the individual will adopt the stands of the group as their own.

Answer 7

Identity Shift Effect

Question 8

The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions.

Answer 8

Cognitive Dissonance

Question 9

Describes the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group.

Answer 9

Group Polarization

Question 10

Refers to a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision.

Answer 10

Groupthink

Question 11

A behavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community.

Answer 11

Fad

Question 12

Refers to a shared, intense concern about the threats to a society.

Answer 12

Mass Hysteria

Question 13

The beliefs, behaviors, actions and characteristics of a group or society of people.

Answer 13

Culture

Question 14

The process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group.

Answer 14

Assimilation

Question 15

Refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures.

Answer 15

Multiculturism

Question 16

Refer to groups of people within a culture that distinquish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong.

Answer 16

Subcultures

Question 17

The process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs. Individuals gain the knowledge, skills, habits, and behaviors that are necessary for inclusion in society.

Answer 17

Socialization

Question 18

The manner in which a society socializes its members.

Answer 18

Cultural Transmission/Cultural Learning

Question 19

The spread of norms, customs, and beliefs (especially new ones) throughout the culture.

Answer 19

Cultural Diffusion

Question 20

Occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our parents and other adults in close proximity.

Answer 20

Primary Socialization

Question 21

Is the process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society.

Answer 21

Secondary Socialization

Question 22

Is the process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations or relationships.

Answer 22

Anticipatory Socialization

Question 23

Another process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change, and have positive or negative connotations.

Answer 23

Resocialization

Question 24

Widely observed social norms.

Answer 24

Mores

Question 25

Norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions (ex. shaking hands after a sports match).

Answer 25

Folkways

Question 26

Any act that goes against societal norms, rules or expectations within a society (not necessarily negative).

Answer 26

Deviance

Question 27

The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society. These deviations from the norm can include differernces in beliefs, abilities, behaviors and appearance.

Answer 27

Stigmas

Question 28

This theory posits that the labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also the person's self image.

Answer 28

Labeling Theory

Question 29

This theory posits that deviance can be learned through interactions with others. Intimate exposure to others who engage in deviant behavior lays the groundwork for one to engage in deviant behavior him or herself.

Answer 29

Differential Association Theory

Question 30

This theory attempts to explain deviance as a natural reaction to the disconnect between social goals and social structure.

Answer 30

Strain Theory

Question 31

The desire to fit into a group because of the fear of rejection.

Answer 31

Normative Conformity

Question 32

Changing of one's behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group.

Answer 32

Internalization

Question 33

Refers to the outward acceptance of others' ideas without personally taking on these ideas.

Answer 33

Identification

Question 34

Matching one's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms.

Answer 34

Conformity

Question 35

A change in behavior based on direct request.

Answer 35

Compliance

Question 36

A small request is made, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made.

Answer 36

Foot-In-The-Door Technique

Question 37

Where a large request is made first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made.

Answer 37

Door-In-The-Face Technique

Question 38

A requester will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raise the cost of the commitment.

Answer 38

Lowball Technique

Question 39

An individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than she expected.

Answer 39

That's-Not-All Technique

Question 40

Changing one's behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure.

Answer 40

Obediance