Social Psych

Question 1

Kurt lewin

Answer 1

Field theory 1930s

Behavior is a function of the interaction between ppl and env

Question 2

Life space

Answer 2

Field theory - tension moves people

Valence

Question 3

Gordon alport

Answer 3

Defines social psychology how a persons thoughts feelings and beg are influenced by the presence of other people

Question 4

Zygarnic effect

Answer 4

We remember unfinished tasks better than finished tasks (remember that which you’re unsure about)

Question 5

Social comparison theory

Answer 5

Low self esteem (compare to those less fortunate)

When unsure of our opinion or ability, we compare ourselves to others who are similar

Question 6

Attribution theory

Answer 6

Causal attributions

• external or situational
• internal or dispositional

Question 7

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 7

Underestimate situational causes of others

That is, overestimate the dispositional of others

Question 8

Belief in a just world

Answer 8

Result of fundamental attribution error

Question 9

Prisoners dilemma game

Answer 9

People compete straight away

Question 10

Self perception theory

Answer 10

When internal cues are absent, we infer feelings and beliefs from behavior or external cues

Question 11

Self verification theory

Answer 11

We need and seek confirmation of our self concept whether positive or negative

Question 12

Social identity theory

Answer 12

Self esteem through personal and social identity. Social identity is enhanced by believing the I group is attentive and belittling tha out group

Question 13

Life events relate to happiness how

Answer 13

Short term but not long term

Question 14

Personal fable

Answer 14

Adolescence (formal operational)

Uniqueness and invulnerability

Question 15

Two types of relational aggression

Answer 15

Reactive - easily provoked, difficulty controlling impulses, react aggressively - intent to retaliate
Proactive - means of achieving a goal

Question 16

Incomplete consideration of alternatives and consequences can lead to

Answer 16

Groupthink

Question 17

Actor observer effect

Answer 17

Our own actions are seen as more influenced by circumstances or the task itself

Question 18

Self-serving bias

Answer 18

Get job applied for - attribute to self
Don’t get job - circumstances - external
Influenced by the outcome of our behavior
Not apply to depressed (opposite)

Question 19

Attitudes

Correlatin with behavior

Answer 19

Stable predispositions
bUT correlation between attitude and behavior is weak EXCEPT under certain circumstances such as specific, well informed, and consistent with social norms

Question 20

Attitude change

Cognitive Constance theories

Answer 20

Discomfort when cognition a are inconsistent - so change cognitions

Question 21

Fritz heiders balance theory

Answer 21

Liking and agreeing go together

When not in balance, you shift to agree or change opinion

Question 22

Festingers cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 22

Contradiction between belief and behavior

Likely to change belief if believe that behavior was voluntary

Question 23

Participate unpleasant activity for $500 versus $1

Answer 23

$1 likely to change attitude (must be invested since no incentive)

Question 24

Attitude change
Source-> target
Factors for change

Answer 24

Understanding
Attention
Acceptance: 
  Characteristics of source
   Content 
    Target

Question 25

Attitude change Acceptance Source

Answer 25

Prestige (expertise) Trustworthiness (credible) Attractiveness Similarity (like them)

Question 26

Attitude change | Characteristics of message

Answer 26

Brief Repeated (exposure) Moderate difference Some targets prefer one sided Inclined already to agree, less educated, unlikely to hear other side Some two sided Initially opposed, well edu, likely to hear other side

Question 27

Fear and attitude change

Answer 27

Not influential unless message includes clear concrete way to avoid consequence

Question 28

Attitude change | Context

Answer 28

Inoculation - small amount of persuasive argument to raise your defense against that argument OR weak against own idea prevents new strong idea Forewarning - if told content before hears argument lowers effectiveness UNLESS target wants to be liked by the source

Question 29

Attitude change | Targets

Answer 29

Low self esteem, low iQ - simple argument most pursuasive | High - more complex more pursuasive

Question 30

Pro social behavior | When will a bystander act to help a stranger in distress?

Answer 30

Fewer people around more likely to help May fear helping wrongly or worry they'll be blamed for situation later on - evaluate cost Assume others will help - diffusion of responsibility If distress is conspicuous do help, personally involved do help

Question 31

Social influence and by stander effect

Answer 31

Look to others for how to behave when situation is ambiguous

Question 32

Cooperation - Robbera cave experiment

Answer 32

High cohesion within group and high conflict between groups | Super ordinate goals resulted in loss of conflict

Question 33

Aggressive behavior Social learning theory Bandura TV

Answer 33

Learned | Bobo dolls

Question 34

Aggression Catharsis Deindividuation

Answer 34

Draining aggression - not supported and leads to more aggression Crowd effect - lessens inhibition and ncrwSes aggression

Question 35

Social Role theory | Or script theory

Answer 35

We internaliSe our social roles and eventually become these rolls

Question 36

Zombardo's prison study

Answer 36

Assigned roles determine behavior or strongly influence it

Question 37

Pseudo patient experiment | Rosenhan

Answer 37

Drs treated confederates as crazy -psychotic Roles influence the behaviors of others But other patients generally not fooled

Question 38

Obedience - submit to authority | Milgrim

Answer 38

Teacher and learner - shocks People obey when they think a person is a legitimate authority Subjects underestimated how much they and others would obey

Question 39

Conformity Due to social pressure conform behavior Influences:

Answer 39

Deviancy: if we already feel different and we want to avoid disapproval - more likely to conform Unanimous in judgement Group size: as increases so does conformity Cohesiveness; as above Anonymous: less conformity The more different the more pressure to conform Low iq high need for approval low self esteem authoritarianism

Question 40

Minority influence

Answer 40

Under the following conditions: bEST: Position is firm and consistent but not perceived as biased or rigid Not a member of a familiar social group arguing in favor of that groups interest Idiosyncrasy credit: hx of conforming then occasionally differing - spending brownie points

Question 41

Compliance - agree to behave a way because asked Foot in the door Door in the face Jack Brent and reactance theory

Answer 41

Agree to small request then asking for larger Asking big then asking for less (fake compromise) Opposite of compliance - higher pressure lead to feeling of losing choice and digs in

Question 42

``` Social power - influence needs power French and Raven propose 5 or 6 power relationships - often combine Coercive Reward Legitimate Expert Referant power Informational ```

Answer 42

``` Power to punish Reward Actual, Milgrim experiment Superior skill or knowledge Admire or like Has info we need ```

Question 43

Group behavior Social facilitation Social loafing

Answer 43

Sometimes we perform better in front of others - task simple or well learned When others are there to pick up the slack, we slack - simple, boring, and require same effort for everyone - reduced if believe contributions are identifiable or necessary - or when seen as challenging or personally relevant

Question 44

Group decision making Group polarization or risky shift Group think - Janis

Answer 44

Generally superior But tendency for more extreme positions after group discussion ( risky if in risky direction ) - more likely if pursuasive and if perceived as in group Cohesive groups with a strong leader where dissent is stifled and criticism stifled - can produce extreme views. Assign a devils advocate or leader refrains from giving opinion

Question 45

Crowding

Answer 45

High density situations enhance whatever feeling you're already having Less if distracted Men more sensitive

Question 46

Field theory - as get near approach/avoid conflict

Answer 46

Strength of both increase but negative increases more

Question 47

The Y and the chain | The circle and the all channel

Answer 47

Centralized communication networks - info flows through one person - only person likely to be satisfied Efficient for simple tasks Decentralized communication networks - info flows freely - all people likely to be satisfied

Question 48

Health belief model

Answer 48

``` Perceived susceptibility Perceived severity Perceived benefits Perceived barriers Providing cues to action (reminders) ```

Question 49

Threats of retAliation

Answer 49

Work to deter violence if threatened is of high power | Increase aggression if the retaliatory has previously provoked the person

Question 50

``` Group tasks Additive Conjunctive Disjunctive Compensatory Complementary ```

Answer 50

Add- addition of individual efforts so outcome is combination Con - product determined by least competent member Dis- product determined by most skilled member Compensatory - average input (judges) Complementary - more than sum of parts (orchestra)

Question 51

Subjective validation Barnum effect Forer effect

Answer 51

Evaluating as accurate because find it personally meaningful - accepting as uniquely personal not realizing could be applied to anyone

Question 52

Contrast effect

Answer 52

What precedes or presented together effects judgment (shades of color, attractiveness, performance etc)

Question 53

Social facilitation | Social inhibition

Answer 53

Increased arousal may underlie - do a better job with others around Do worse when others around

Question 54

Adverse impact

Answer 54

Hiring rate for a minority group is less than 80% of majority group

Question 55

Decrease cohesiveness Heterogeneous Not directive leader

Answer 55

Better decision making

Question 56

Decentralized network

Answer 56

Higher worker satisfaction