Development

Question 1

Heritability of intelligence, sociability, emotionality, activity level

Answer 1

50%

Question 2

Range of reaction

Critical or sensitive periods

Canalized

Answer 2

Not 1 to 1 - genotype sets a range and environment sets the value

Time span when prepared but stimulation from environment Lorent and baby ducks

Predetermined growth path and only very strong environment can deflect - like sensory Moter development

Question 3

Pku Tay sachs, cystic fibrosis

Answer 3

Pair of recessive genes

Diet low in phenylalanine in first 6 -9 years

Question 4

Heritability index - from what kind of studies?

Answer 4

Degree to which a trait is genetic

From kinship studies

Question 5

Huntingtins

Answer 5

Dominant gene

So child with sick parent has a 50% chance

Question 6

Red green color blindness

Hemophilia

Answer 6

X linked inheritance
Males more likely

R/g males twice as likely
Hemophilia almost exclusively in males

Question 7

Down’s syndrome

Kleinfelters
Turners
XYY syndrome
Fragile X syndrome

Answer 7

Abnormal chromosomes
Extra 21 - mothers over 45 = 1 in 30
Heart abnormalities and cataracts and gi

Question 8

Teratogens

Germinal

Answer 8

Germinal - conception to implantation 8-10 days

Exposure damages a few cells w little effect OR can effect many cells and cause death

Question 9

Teratogens

embryonic

Answer 9

Embryonic end of second week to end of the 8 week
Most succeptible
CNS most vulnerable beginning of 3rd week to the 5th week
(Heart from mid 3 to mid 5; limbs from mid 4 to 8)

Question 10

Teratogens

fetal

Answer 10

fetal beg Of 9th to birth

Expose causes less severe defects

Question 11

Effects of drug use

Alcohol

Answer 11

Fas - heavy prenatal use
Growth retardation, wide eyes, shirt eyelid openings, microencephaly, irritabity, hyperactivity, and physical illnesses. Often MR (iq 60 to 70)

Question 12

Effects of severe malnutrition

Answer 12

Depends on when
First trimester - congenital malformations and spontaneous death
Third trimester - CNS : low brain weight due to fewer neurons and less branching = apathy unresponsiveness irritability high pitched cry. Intellectual deficits lags in motor dev

Adequate refeeding early infancy can help ameliorate

Question 13

Effects of HIV

Answer 13

Usually leads to death
Short incubation in infants - avg age is six months
Weightless, chronic fever, infections
Congenital - microcephaly, facial deformity
Milestone delay

Question 14

Effects of stress

Answer 14

Mothers experience more medical complications and infants have more abnormalities

Spon death, low birth weight, prematurity
Respiratory problems cleft palate and pyloric stenosis - tightening of stomach

Ameliorated of mothers have access to support

Question 15

Effects of heroin

Answer 15

Prematurity, low birth weight, physical malformations, respiratory diseases, and mortality at birth + physical addiction and withdrawal

Question 16

Cocaine use

Answer 16

Low birth weight higher risk for SIDS

Reduced head circumfrance, general and urinary tract deformity, heart defects, seizures

Question 17

Smoking

Answer 17

Prematurity, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, death around birth
Less responsive to environment, more irritable
Slightly reduced school achievement, shorter attention span, increases motor activity in early and middle childhood
More smokes more likely

Question 18

Motor development

Reflexes (subcortical)

Answer 18

Tonic neck
Palmer grasp
Sucking
Walking

Bibinski - extend big toe and spread small toes
Morrow - when neck drops slightly or loud sound against surface supporting infant

Disappear at 6 months as voluntary control comes on board

Question 19

Secular trend in motor development

Answer 19

Reaching milestones earlier than past
Also height and weight

Reasons; better nutrition, health care, and changing rearing practices

Question 20

Piaget
Adaptation
Assimilation
Accommodation

Answer 20

Adaptation - schema building through 2 processes below

Assimilation - incorporates new information into present schemas (zebra=horse)
Accommodation - schemas modified (horse with stripes, then later calls that a zebra)

Question 21

Piaget’s equilabration

equilibrium and disequilibrium

Answer 21

Moving back and forth between assimilation and accommodation (disequilibrium causes)

Question 22

Piaget’s theory of development

Answer 22

4 stages built upon previous
Sensory motor - up to age 2
Object perminance
Goal development, play, immitation
Preopperational - 2 to 7
Symbolic; language, make believe, mental images of events and actions
Thought is more advanced but limited by centration - focus on one aspect of a situation at a time
Irreversibility - does not know actions can be reversed
Ego centrism
Animism
Can’t conserve
Spontaneously alter truth - egocentrasm
Piaget thought can’t lie but new studies show 4 year olds can intentionally lie to avoid punishment or get reward

Question 23

Concrete operational

Answer 23

7 to 11 years
Reversibility and decentration
Transform and manipulate information
Conservation increases (number then length then liquid then mass and area weight and volume)
Horizontal decolage (sequential mastery of concepts within a stage)
Transitivvity - sorting objects
Hierarchical classification - sorting based on hierarchys
Intentional deception ( but call all inaccuracies lies)

Question 24

Formal operational

Answer 24

12 to adult (perhaps about half get here; or only use in area of expertise)
Abstract reasoning
Hypothetic and deductive reasoning
Propositional thought - hear arguments and evaluate their logic without reference to real world
Ego centrism - grand systems but often naive and over idealistic (and insistent)

Question 25

Imaginary audience Personal fable

Answer 25

Happens during formal operational and ego centrism Belief that others are as consumed and critical of adolescents behavior as the adolescent Ones ideas and feelings are so unique that no one else has anything like them

Question 26

Vygotski

Answer 26

Development is not based on stages but on social interactions Between child and another and then within the child

Question 27

Zone of proximal development Scaffolding

Answer 27

Gap between what can do alone and what can accomplish with others (scafolding).

Question 28

Piaget and moral development

Answer 28

Heteronymous morality or moral realism - 5 to 10 years rule based with rules as unchangeable and independent of people Due to preoperational egocentrism and adult constraints Autonomous morality or moral coopertivity 10 on Subjective intent serves as basis for judging behavior - FAIRNESS as principle

Question 29

Laurence kohlberg and moral development

Answer 29

Refinement of Piaget Hypothetical moral situations 1.Invariant progression (highest level not reached by all) 2.outgrowth of cognitive dev 3. Each stage is an organized whole Low correlation between assessed judgements and behavior

Question 30

Kohlberg 6 stages in 3 levels Preconventional Conventional Post- conventional

Answer 30

``` Preconventional 4 to 10 - 2 stages 1. Avoid punishment 2. Satisfy own needs Conventional 10 to 13 Social rewards 3. Conform - social approval (good boy) 4. avoid scolding by legitimate authority Post-conventional (most don't achieve) 5. Formal operational - social order and respect 6. Only standard is own conscience ```

Question 31

Gilligan on Kohlberg

Answer 31

Kohlbergs moral stages are gender biased Femal morality is rooted in an ethic of care So less likely to use level 3 reasoning

Question 32

Loss of voice

Answer 32

Gilligan - internalization of sexist messages | During adolescence girls at risk of abandoning their strengths to conform to femininity

Question 33

Language develent

Answer 33

A

Question 34

Language | Behaviorist perspective

Answer 34

Operant conditioning - reinforcement, extinction, punishment, Classical conditioning Immitation

Question 35

Chomsky

Answer 35

Behaviorist theories insufficient b/c of rapid learning in early childhood Complex grammatical rules diff to teach Innate language learning device Supported by cross cultural and animal studies

Question 36

Linguistic milestones

Answer 36

Birth:4 types of crying hunger, anger, pain, attention Parents find pain cry most disturbing and respond the most Cooing 2 months Pseudo dialogue 3 months Babbling 6 months (even deaf) Nonverbal signals 12 months First words 11 to 16 months

Question 37

Linguistic milestones 2

Answer 37

Holophrastic speech 1 to 2 years use of one word to express sentences Telegraphic speech - 1 to 2 years 2 word sentences Vocabulary grows most between 18 months and 6 years - fastest is at 30-36 months At 3, about 1000 and 3 word sentences Complex grammar 3-5years (to be, negation, questions)

Question 38

Bilingualism

Answer 38

Positive consequences Bilingual Canadian children performed better on tests of analytical reasoning, concept formation, cognitive flexibility, and meta linguistic awareness BUT, if semi literate in one and then immersed in another, risk inadequate proficiency in both