Social psychology Flashcards

Question

What happens when attitudes are primed (Chan and Bargh 1999)?

Answer 1

when specific attitudes are primed (brought to mind even unconsciously) people are more likely to act in ways consistent with the attitudes

Answer 2

neuroscientific studies indicate that our attitudes activate particular brain regions (areas of motor cortex) that supports specific actions

Answer 3

the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus such as an attitude question

Answer 4

an indirect measure of attitudes that does not involve self report. used when people are unwilling or unable to report their true feelings or opinions. implicit attitudes are designed to bypass conscious awareness to get people to disclose attitudes which people might not even be aware of

Answer 5

the scales might miss important elements when measuring complex attitudes

Answer 6

accessibility (how readily it comes to mind) is measured by response latency which is the time taken for a person to respond to an attitude question

Answer 7

this is a way to assess the strength and importance of someone's attitude by determining the centrality of the attitude to the person's belief system. this is measured by calculating how strongly each attitude within a domain is linked to others

Answer 8

Affective priming and the Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Answer 9

nonverbal attitudes including smiling behaviour, degree of physical closeness, and sweaty palms act as indices of attitude towards others

Answer 10

a measure of implicit attitudes by assessing the speed and accuracy of responding to target words that are preceded by subliminal primes

Answer 11

IAT measures the strength of associations between concepts (e.g. gay people) and evaluations (E.g. good or bad) or stereotypes (e.g. athletic or clumsy). IAT is widely used to uncover biases specifically prejudices. They are not always accurate and should be used in combination with other assessment methods.

Answer 12

explicit attitudes are deliberate, conscious and slow, measured by self report. Implicit attitudes are automatic, non conscious, and fast, measured by response time.

Answer 13

of the 250 establishments visited, only one denied service. when they were emailed to ask whether their policy was to serve Orientals, 90% said they would not. this study suggested that attitudes might bot predict behaviour very well.

Answer 14

attitudes compete with other determents of behaviour. a person's understanding of prevailing social norms can weaken the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. when asked to explain reasoning for an attitude a person may focus on easily identifiable factors rather than underlying reasons. this therefore does not end up being an accurate predictor of behaviour

Answer 15

sometimes the effective and cognitive components of an attitude might be inconsistent and so will not predict behaviour very well. attitudes can be influenced by various factors and it can be hard to know exactly why someone holds a certain attitude.

Answer 16

consistency is higher when attitudes and behaviour are both at the same level of specificity. highly specific attitudes tend to predict specific behaviours while general attitudes tend to predict how someone behaves across different instances.

Answer 17

those with positive attitudes said they were willing to take John B on the tour. those with negative students said they were not willing, however only if John B matched their previously stated protype of a gay individual.

Answer 18

often behaviour tends to be more reflexive than reflective. when automatic behaviour is consistent with your attitudes behaviour is quicker and less effortful.

Answer 19

automatic behaviour can conflict with conscious attitudes without our knowledge

Answer 20

the impact of behaviour on attitudes reflects the powerful tendency to justify or rationalise our behaviour and minimise inconsistencies between our attitudes and actions

Answer 21

the theory that inconsistencies between a person's thoughts and actions cause an emotional state known as dissonance that leads to efforts to restore consistency (Festinger 1957)

Answer 22

inconsistency between two cognitions or between our cognitions and our behaviour. hard decisions cause feelings of dissonance because the rejected alternative has some desirable features and the chosen alternative has some undesirable features which creates inconsistency

Answer 23

people try to anticipate the future and try to minimise/eliminate dissonance

Answer 24

the tendency to reduce dissonance by justifying time, effort, or money devoted to something that turned out to be unpleasant or disappointing

Answer 25

sweet lemons rationalization

Answer 26

participants in the severe initiation condition rated the group more highly to reduce their dissonance

Answer 27

subtly compelling people to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs, attitudes or values in order to elicit dissonance and change their original views

Answer 28

Elliot Aronson- inconsistency will arouse dissonance if it challenges a person's core sense of self including their rationality, morality, or worthiness

Answer 29

dissonance is more likely to occur if the behaviour was freely chosen and had negative consequences that were foreseeable. In the uni student essay study, where students were offered money to write an essay in favour of something bad, those in the free choice group were more likely to feel dissonance, and those in the low money group were more likely to change their attitudes because their action wasn't justified by a large sum of money.

Answer 30

if a person's behaviour is justified by existing incentives, even behaviour that is dramatically in conflict with a person's beliefs and values will not produce dissonance

Answer 31

the study found that when there were no negative consequences such as deception, there was no dissonance effect

Answer 32

negative consequences that are not foreseeable don't threaten a person's self image as a moral and decent person and so shouldn't arouse dissonance

Answer 33

suggests that people come to know their own attitudes by looking at their behaviour and the context in which it occurred to infer what their attitudes must be

Answer 34

self perception theory contend that no arousal is involved as people rationally infer what their attitudes must be in light of their behaviour. However, Croyle and Cooper (1983) contested that behaviour inconsistent with prior attitudes does indeed generate arousal

Answer 35

dissonance reduction and self perception processes both occur. dissonance reduction processes are activated when behaviour is inconsistent with pre existing attitudes of some importance. self perception processes are invoked when behaviour conflicts with attitudes that are relatively vague or of little importance.

Answer 36

Terror Management Theory. People deal by striving for symbolic immortality through preserving valued worldviews and believing the have lived up to standards. Denial is also common where people believe that death only refers to physical body and not the soul. Comfort is also found in the idea that when we die things we value will still live on such as our children

Answer 37

people are motivated to see the existing socio politics as desirable, fair and legitimate. e.g. women sometimes report they deserve less pay than men doing the same work (Jost 1997)

Answer 38

people strive to achieve and maintain high self esteem in order to feel connected to worldviews they care about. people become more hostile to critics, committed to their ingroups, and eager to punish rulebreakers

Answer 39

human nature is profoundly social and a person's identity and sense of self are defined by social relationships

Answer 40

the need to belong is biologically based and negative consequence result from their absence (Baumeister and Leary 1995)

Answer 41

this is the evolutionary basis of the tendency to seek relationships and long term romantic bonds to facilitate reproduction and raise offspring who are vulnerable and dependent for years. Parent offspring relationships help ensure that infants and children are protected and will survive until they can be independent

Answer 42

friendships evolved as means for non kin to cooperate avoiding the perils of competition and aggression. if relationships have an evolutionary basis, similar dynamics should exist between parent and child, siblings and also friends

Answer 43

we seek to satisfy it in other relationships, hence in prisons, prisoners suffer loss of contact and form kinship like ties with other prisoners (Burkhart 1973)

Answer 44

mortality rates are higher for divorced, unmarried and widowed individuals (Lynch 1979). admissions to hospitals for psychiatric issues are 3 to 23 times higher for divorced people (Bloom et al 1979).

Answer 45

married people fare better than unmarried ones on various indices of well being (Gove et al 1990). LGBT relationships saw partnered individuals score higher on well being (Wienke and Hill 2009)

Answer 46

strengthens cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine systems (Oxman and Hull 1997)

Answer 47

the individual feels special responsibility for another, the relationship is expected to be long term based on sense of oneness and family like sharing of common identity. this is based on the principle of need with individuals giving and receiving according to who has the most pressing need at a given times

Answer 48

relationships are often short term, trade based and individuals feel no special responsibility towards each other. giving and receiving are governed by concerns about equity and reciprocity

Answer 49

East Asian and Latin American societies tend to prefer communal approach, people from catholic countries are more likely to take a communal stance than protestant countries

Answer 50

intimate relationships are based on rewards of some sort. according to reward framework people tend to like those that make them feel good. there is a notion that relationship rewards lies at the heart of a theory that views much of human interaction as social exchange.

Answer 51

key assumptions that people are motivated to maximise their own feelings of satisfaction. people seek rewards in interactions and are willing to pay costs to obtain them. people prefer relationships where rewards exceed the costs

Answer 52

people are also motivated to pursue fairness in relationships such as the ratio of rewards to cost is similar to both partners

Answer 53

companionate love with friends and family members, compassionate love for communal relationships with bonds on responding to people's needs such as mother-child, romantic love associated with emotion and sexual desire= passionate love

Answer 54

three determinants that are satisfaction, few alternative partners, and investments in relationships. commitment is linked to longer lasting relationships increasing relationship promoting behaviours like forgiveness and self sacrifice

Answer 55

disparities in personality and socioeconomic status, marrying too young, communication issues, and behaviour problems such as stonewalling, contempt, and blame.

Answer 56

capitalising good event, being playful, looking on the bright side and seeing each others positive attributes

Answer 57

lack of romantic love, and mismatches between socioeconomic status and religion

Answer 58

The groups stopped being hostile when they were in a position where they had to work together on tasks e.g. towing a truck to have food supplies

Answer 59

over competition between groups for limited resources

Answer 60

contact between members of different groups can reduce group stereotypes and intergroup hostility. this is especially beneficial when members of different groups interact as equals and work together to achieve common goals

Answer 61

social facilitation, group decision making, leadership and power

Answer 62

human beings are group living animals who influence and must get along with others

Answer 63

a group is a collection of individuals who have relations to one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree (Cartwright and Zander, 1968)

Answer 64

Norman Triplett (1898) conducted an experiment where 40 children had to turn in a fishing real as fast as they could in the presence of absence of other children engaged in the same activity. children tended to turn the reel faster when in the presence of another child

Answer 65

Norman Triplett (1898) was inspired by noticing that the fastest times in cycling were recorded when cyclists competed directly against one another on the same track at the same time

Answer 66

true, even although the observers were not doing the same thing

Answer 67

sometimes this inhibits performance on arithmetic problems, memory tasks, and maze learning

Answer 68

on new or hard tasks

Answer 69

evaluation and apprehension of a person. there is a concern about looking bad in the eyes of others (Cottrell et al 1968)

Answer 70

being aware of another person's presence creates conflict between paying attention to the task at hand and paying attention to the other person . this attentional conflict is arousing and produces social facilitation effects.

Answer 71

social loafing is the tendency to exert less effort on a group task when individuals contributions cannot be monitored (Latane et al 1979)

Answer 72

when presented with problems that have precise, factual answers, groups are more likely than the individual t come up with the correct solution (Laughlin 1988)

Answer 73

faulty thinking by members of cohesive groups in which critical decision making scrutiny is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus

Answer 74

how cohesive a group is, how directive its leader is, ingroup pressures that can lead to the rejection of alternative viewpoints and self censorship (McCauley 1998)

Answer 75

risky shift is the tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would

Answer 76

group polarisation is the tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals. Whatever way the group is leaning, the group decisions tend to make it lean further in that direction

Answer 77

can result when group discussion exposes members to more persuasive arguments in favour of a consensus opinion that they would have thought of themselves, and through social comparison when people compare their opinions to those of others

Answer 78

evaluation outcomes produce differences in respect and prominence contributing to determining a person's power within a group

Answer 79

people in positions of power look at things more simplistically and act in more disinhibited ways leading to extremes and abuse

Answer 80

empathy failures are associated with elevated powers (Magee et al 2006)

Answer 81

men who stereotype female employees by focusing on their weaknesses grant them fewer resources and evaluate them more negatively in masculine contexts, anticipating less success from them. feeling powerful leads prejudiced whites to focus a greater extent on weaknesses of black employees relative to other employees

Answer 82

increased antisocial behaviour, violation of polite norms including interrupting, speaking out of turn, and acting rudely (DePaulo and Friedman 1998)

Answer 83

higher power participants teased low power participants in more aggressive and humiliating ways whereas lower power participants were quite restrained in how they teased high power members (Keltner et al 1998)

Social psychology Flashcards

(107 cards)