Social Psychology

Question 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Answer 1

Social Psychology

Question 1

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Answer 1

attribution theory

Question 2

tendency for observers when analyzing other’s behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Answer 2

fundamental attribution error

Question 3

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Answer 3

attitude

Question 4

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

Answer 4

peripheral route persuasion

Question 5

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Answer 5

central route persuasion

Question 6

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request later comply with a larger request

Answer 6

foot in the door phenomenon

Question 7

theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

Answer 7

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 8

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

Answer 8

norms

Question 9

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. solomon asch experiment

Answer 9

conformity

Question 10

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Answer 10

normative social influence

Question 11

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Answer 11

informational social influence

Question 12

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Answer 12

social facilitation

Question 13

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Answer 13

social loafing

Question 14

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Answer 14

deindividuation

Question 15

enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Answer 15

group polarization

Question 16

mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Answer 16

groupthink

Question 17

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Answer 17

predujice

Question 18

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Answer 18

stereotype

Question 19

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Answer 19

discrimination

Question 20

tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserves what they get

Answer 20

just-world phenomenon

Question 21

“us” -people with whom we share a common identity

Answer 21

ingroup

Question 22

“them” -those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Answer 22

outgroup

Question 23

tendency to favor our own group

Answer 23

ingroup bias

Question 24

theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Answer 24

scapegoat theory

Question 25

tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

Answer 25

other-race effect

Question 26

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Answer 26

aggression

Question 27

idea that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

Answer 27

frustration-aggression principle

Question 28

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Answer 28

social script

Question 29

phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Answer 29

mere exposure effect

Question 30

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Answer 30

passionate love

Question 31

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our loves and intertwined

Answer 31

companiote love

Question 32

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give into it

Answer 32

equity

Question 33

act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Answer 33

self-disclosure

Question 34

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Answer 34

altruism

Question 35

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Answer 35

bystander effect

Question 36

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Answer 36

social exchange theory

Question 37

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Answer 37

reciprocity norm

Question 38

an expectation that people will help those dependant upon them

Answer 38

social-responsibility norm

Question 39

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Answer 39

conflict

Question 40

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Answer 40

social trap

Question 41

mutual views often geld by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as ecil and aggressive

Answer 41

mirror-image perceptions

Question 42

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Answer 42

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 43

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Answer 43

superordinate goals

Question 44

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Answer 44

grit