cognition

Question 1

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Answer 1

algorithm

Question 2

a phenomenon in which people predict the frequency of an event or a proportion based on how easy an example can be brought to mind

Answer 2

availability heuristic

Question 3

beginning at 4 months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds

Answer 3

babbling stage

Question 4

the tendency to cling our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence

Answer 4

belief perspective

Question 5

he believed that we are born with the hardware and an operating system for language

Answer 5

Noam Chomsky

Question 5

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 5

cognition

Question 6

mental grouping of similar objects events, ideas or people

Answer 6

concepts

Question 7

tendency to search for information that confirms one’s perceptions

Answer 7

confirmation bias

Question 8

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving

Answer 8

fixation

Question 9

tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

Answer 9

functional fixedness

Question 10

the system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Answer 10

grammar

Question 11

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem (aha! moment)

Answer 11

insight

Question 12

our spoken, written, or gestured work, is the way that we communicate meaning to ourselves and others

Answer 12

language

Question 13

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Answer 13

mental set

Question 13

beginning at or around his first birthday, a child starts to speak and is able to make family members understand him

Answer 13

one-word stage

Question 13

smallest unit that carries a meaning, it may be a word of part of a word

Answer 13

morphemes

Question 14

the smallest distinctive sound unit in a spoken language

Answer 14

phonemes

Question 15

a mental image or best example of a category

Answer 15

prototype

Question 16

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information

Answer 16

representativeness heuristic

Question 17

a set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, or sentences

Answer 17

semantics

Question 17

consists of the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

Answer 17

syntax

Question 18

he believed that language development may be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement

Answer 18

B.F. Skinner

Question 19

kind of speech a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words

Answer 19

telegraphic speech

Question 20

before the 2nd year a child starts to speak in telegraphic speech

Answer 20

two-word stage

Question 21

He suggested that language determines the way we think

Answer 21

Benjamin Whorf

Question 22

a test designed to asses what a person has learned

Answer 22

achievement test

Question 22

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; like the ACT

Answer 22

aptitude test

Question 23

He pioneered intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help-not applicable in the US because it was too culture-bound (French)

Answer 23

Alfred Binet

Question 23

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Answer 23

Crystallized intelligence

Question 24

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

Answer 24

downs syndrome

Question 24

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score

Answer 24

factor analysis

Question 24

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Answer 24

fluid intelligence

Question 25

recently discovered phenomenon that demonstrates that the average IQ has been rising dramatically over successive generations

Answer 25

Flynn Effect

Question 26

creator of the inheritable trait theory; psychometrics: Darwin's cousin

Answer 26

Sir Francis Galton

Question 26

children who have IQ over 130; individuals who have special talents, creativity, or leadership abilities

Answer 26

giftedness

Question 26

He devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

Answer 26

Howard Gardener

Question 26

he thought of emotional intelligence: able to manage one's own emotions, is capable of self-motivation and self-direction, recognizes emotions in other, and is able to handle various types of relationships.

Answer 26

Daniel Goleman

Question 27

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Answer 27

grit

Question 27

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

Answer 27

heritability

Question 28

mental quality consists of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Answer 28

intelligence

Question 29

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100

Answer 29

intelligence quotient

Question 29

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life

Answer 29

intellectual disability

Question 29

he was the creator of "g-factor" or general intelligence concept

Answer 29

Charles Spearman

Question 29

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the testm or on retesting

Answer 29

reliability

Question 30

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

Answer 30

normal curve

Question 30

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in compulsion or drawing

Answer 30

savant syndrome

Question 31

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Answer 31

standardization

Question 32

he devised the Triarchic Theory of intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)

Answer 32

Robert Sternberg

Question 32

He found 7 main abilities including, reasoning, verbal, comprehensions, memory

Answer 32

L.L. Thurstone

Question 33

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Answer 33

validity