social psychology

Question 1

Reverse halo effect

Answer 1

positive characteristics indicate presence of negative characteristics

Question 2

factors that influence whether attitudes and behaviours match

Answer 2

1. perceived control over the behaviour
2. accessibility of the attitude
3. strength of the attitude
4. social context of the attitude

Question 3

stereotyping

Answer 3

process of grouping individuals into a particular social or cultural group - ASSUMING THAT ALL MEMBERS SHARE THE SAME CHARACTERISTIC

Question 4

cognitive consonance

Answer 4

Two mental process are consistent with each other. The relationship in which two elements work in harmony with one another.

Question 5

ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

Answer 5

1. change the dissonant cognition
2. change the behaviour to suit the dissonant cognition
3. add new cognitions or supportive elements to outweigh the dissonant cognition (rationalise/ justify)

Question 6

representative heuristic

Answer 6

involves categorising a person, object, event or anything else by judging how closely it matches to our idea of a typical member of the category

Question 7

Stigma

Answer 7

the feeling of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual for a characteristic that differentiates them from others

Question 8

self stigma

Answer 8

result of the internalisation of negative stereotypes and can lead to poor self-efficacy and self esteem

Question 9

social stigma

Answer 9

largely characterised by negative stereotypes as they come to define people and prevent them from being seen as an individual, leading to widespread discrimination

Question 10

mental health (key words)

Answer 10

• state of wellbeing where the individual realises own abilities and can cope with normal stresses of life
• work productively and make a contribution to community

Question 11

mental wellbeing

Answer 11

current psychological state, involving ability to think, process information and regulate emotions

Question 12

intergroup contact (reduce prejudice)

Answer 12

prejudice can be reduced with increased interactions in certain circumstances (sustained contact, the contact hypothesis, mutual interdependence)

Question 13

mutual interdependence

Answer 13

rivalry and prejudice will reduce if the groups are mutually depended on one another -> breakdown of stereotypes

Question 14

equality of status (reduce prejudice)

Answer 14

status of a group: the importance or standing of the group when compared to other groups (status ≠ equal t/f view members differently)

Question 15

aims of cognitive intervention

Answer 15

1. individual must decide that prejudiced attitude is wrong
2. they must hold to their non-prejudiced believes and incorporate into sense of self
3. the individual must suppress prejudice reactions from conscious awareness and deliberately replace

Question 16

Culture

Answer 16

Way of life of a particular society or community (sets it apart)

Question 17

Individualist cultures

Answer 17

Prioritises the needs and goals of individuals & values independence

Question 18

Collectivist cultures

Answer 18

Cultures that prioritise the needs and goals of a group and value collaboration and interdependence

Question 19

6 types of power

Answer 19

Coercive
Expert
Informational
Legitimate
Referent
Reward

Question 20

Coercive power

Answer 20

Can mediate and administer punishments

Question 21

Expert power

Answer 21

Specialist knowledge or expertise

Question 22

Informational

Answer 22

Has useful info that cannot be gained elsewhere

Question 23

Legitimate

Answer 23

A right to prescribe behaviour for another

Question 24

Referent

Answer 24

Try to identify with, or idolise a person perceived with power

Question 25

Reward

Answer 25

Ability to give positive or remove negative consequences

Question 26

Social proximity

Answer 26

Closer the social contact between participants and the authority figure, the higher the obedience

Question 27

Legitimacy of the authority figure

Answer 27

The greater the status of the authority figure, the higher the obedience

Question 28

Group pressure

Answer 28

People are far more likely to disobey if someone else an be seen to disobey also

Question 29

schema

Answer 29

pre existing mental ideas relating to a given concept that help us organise and interpret new info

Question 30

informational influence

Answer 30

individuals are more likely to conform when they are uncertain or feel incompetent, as they may look to others who they perceive as more knowledgeable for guidance

Question 31

name the factors influencing obedience

Answer 31

legitimacy of the authority figure Social proximity Group pressure

Question 32

name the factors influencing conformity

Answer 32

Normative influence Social loafing Deindividuation Culture Unanimity Informational influence Group size

Question 33

experiment for power, roles and status

Answer 33

ZImbardo's prison experiment (assigned guards or prisoner roles -> harsh treatment)

Question 34

experiment for obedience

Answer 34

stanley milgram's electric shock experiment (presence of authority figure)

Question 35

experiment for conformity

Answer 35

Asch's line experiment (confederates before the participant giving wrong answer as to which line was equal length)