social psychology Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
What was the aim of Milgram’s (1963) study?
A
To investigate the level of obedience shown when participants were instructed by an authority figure to administer electric shocks to another person during a memory task.
2
Q
How were participants recruited in Milgram’s study?
A
Through a newspaper advert and direct mail in New Haven; 40 male volunteers aged 20–50 were selected.
3
Q
What is one strength of Milgram’s sampling method?
A
The volunteer sample allowed quick access to a wide range of men, reducing the time needed to collect the sample.
4
Q
What is one limitation of the volunteer sampling method?
A
Volunteers may be more obedient or helpful than average, making the sample unrepresentative and limiting generalisability
5
Q
Why is Milgram’s study considered to have androcentric bias?
A
The sample only included men, so the findings cannot be generalised to women.
6
Q
What role did participants always play in the study?
A
The “teacher” in a word pair task.
7
Q
What happened when the learner gave an incorrect answer?
A
The teacher was instructed to give them an electric shock using a fake shock generator.
8
Q
What voltage range did the shock generator show?
A
15V to 450V.
9
Q
What were the obedience results of Milgram’s study?
A
100% of participants went up to 300V, and 65% went all the way to 450V.
10
Q
What physical signs of distress did participants show?
A
Trembling, digging nails into their flesh, and three participants had seizures.
11
Q
What conclusion did Milgram draw from the study?
A
Obedience is a universal trait, not specific to German culture.
12
Q
What was a methodological strength of milgrams study?
A
Use of a standardised procedure and verbal prods, increasing reliability.
13
Q
Why did the controlled laboratory setting improve internal validity?
A
It allowed Milgram to control extraneous variables like the number of people present.
14
Q
What was a criticism of the experimental task?
A
It was artificial, reducing ecological validity and real-world generalisability.
15
Q
What is one issue with validity in Milgram’s study?
A
Participants may have guessed the aim of the study, responding to demand characteristics.
16
Q
What useful application came from Milgram’s findings?
A
Used to improve pilot training by encouraging co-pilots to challenge captains, reducing plane crashes by 20% (Tarnow, 2000).
17
Q
What ethical issues were raised in Milgram’s study?
A
Psychological distress and deception of participants.
18
Q
What does Agency Theory aim to explain?
A
Obedience in human society, which Milgram believed was necessary for social equilibrium.
19
Q
What are the two states in Agency Theory?
A
The autonomous state and the agentic state.
20
Q
What is the autonomous state?
A
When a person acts according to their own free will and takes responsibility for their actions.
21
Q
What is the agentic state?
A
When a person sees themselves as an agent for someone else’s orders, displacing responsibility onto an authority figure.
22
Q
What is the agentic shift?
A
The transition from the autonomous state to the agentic state when following a legitimate authority figure.
23
Q
What is moral strain?
A
The psychological discomfort experienced when obeying an authority conflicts with one’s moral values.
24
Q
How is moral strain relieved in Agency Theory?
A
By entering the agentic state, allowing individuals to displace responsibility for their actions.
25
What defence mechanisms support the agentic state?
Denial or minimisation of the harm caused by their actions.
26
How does Milgram's study support Agency Theory?
65% of participants administered 450V when told the experimenter was responsible, supporting the idea of the agentic state.
27
What alternative explanation challenges Agency Theory?
Adorno's authoritarian personality theory, which suggests obedience is due to personality traits, not just situational factors.
28
How does Adolff Eichmann’s case support Agency Theory?
He claimed he was "just following orders" during the Holocaust, suggesting an agentic state.
29
What is an ethical criticism of Agency Theory?
It is deterministic and may excuse immoral actions by blaming authority, raising issues in legal contexts.
30
What is one overall limitation of Agency Theory?
It is overly simplistic and does not consider other influences like personality or genetic factors.
31
What is a strength of Agency Theory?
It is supported by evidence like Milgram’s findings and has real-world applications in explaining historical events.
32
What was the aim of Milgram’s Experiment 7(telephonic) ?
To investigate whether the distance between the experimenter and the participant would affect obedience.
33
How were participants recruited for Milgram’s Experiment 7?
Through a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study on memory and learning at Yale University.
34
What role did participants always play in the study? exp 7
The role of the “teacher” in a word pair memory tas
35
What variation occurred in Experiment 7 regarding the experimenter?
The experimenter initially gave face-to-face instructions but then gave orders over the telephone after leaving the room.
36
What was the obedience rate in Milgram’s telephonic variation?
Obedience dropped to 22.5% of participants continuing to 450V
37
What deceptive behavior did participants show in the telephonic variation?
Some participants lied and didn’t actually increase the shock level, even though they said they did.
38
What conclusion did Milgram draw from Experiment 7?
The physical presence of the authority figure significantly influences obedience levels.
39
What is one strength of the sampling method in experiment 7?
The newspaper ad allowed Milgram to quickly recruit a wide range of male participants from New Haven.
40
What is one limitation of the sample used in Experiment 7?
The sample included only men, so the findings may not be generalisable to women.
41
How did Milgram ensure standardisation in his procedure?
All participants received the same instructions and verbal prods, such as “please continue.
42
Why is standardisation a strength of Milgram’s procedure?
It allows for replication and checks the reliability of his findings on obedience.
43
What is one major criticism of the task used in the experiment?
The word pair task and shock administration were artificial and not reflective of real-life situations.
44
How does the artificial nature of the task affect the study?
It lowers ecological validity, making it hard to generalise findings to real-world obedience.
45
What ethical issues were present in this study?
Deception (believing shocks were real) and psychological distress, breaking the principle of integrity.
46
What is a real-world application of the experiment 7 study’s findings?
It influenced nurse training by encouraging them to question and disobey phone orders from doctors, reducing medical errors.
47
What did Milgram investigate in his experiment 10 variation?
He investigated whether removing the prestige of Yale University affected obedience by conducting the experiment in a rundown office building in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
48
What were participants told about the experiment’s affiliation in experiment 10?
They were told it was run by a private research firm, "Research Associates of Bridgeport," with no connection to Yale University
49
What was the setting of experiment 10?
A three-room office suite in a rundown building, sparsely furnished and only marginally respectable.
50
What was one strength of Milgram's participant recruitment method?
Using a volunteer sample via a newspaper advertisement allowed him to access a wide range of participants quickly.
51
What limitation did Milgram’s sample in experiment 10 have?
It consisted only of 40 men, limiting the generalisability of findings to women.
52
What role did participants play in experiment 10?
They played the role of a teacher, administering shocks to the learner (a confederate) for incorrect answers in a word pair task.
53
How did obedience levels change in the rundown office experiment?
Obedience dropped to 47.5% of participants continuing to the maximum shock level of 450V.
54
What standardized procedures were used in Milgram’s experiment 10?
Participants were given identical instructions, including the same four verbal prods, such as "Please continue."
55
Why does experiment 10 have low ecological validity?
The situation was artificial, as it’s unrealistic to shock people for incorrect answers in real life.
56
What ethical criticism is often made about Milgram's study?
Participants were deceived into believing the shocks were real, causing psychological distress and breaking the integrity principle.
57
What is a practical application of Milgram's experiment 10?
It highlights the dangers of blind obedience and informs training for soldiers and law enforcement to resist unethical orders.
58
What was Milgram's experiment 13 investigating?
Whether the appearance of the experimenter affected obedience, replacing the authority figure with an ‘ordinary man’.
59
How were participants recruited for experiment 13?
hrough a newspaper advertisement asking for volunteers for a study on memory and learning at Yale University.
60
What role did the naïve participant always play in experiment 13?
The teacher.
61
What was a strength of Milgram’s recruitment method?
The use of a volunteer sample allowed access to a wide range of men quickly.
62
What was a limitation in the participant sample of experiment 13?
The study only included 40 men, limiting generalisability to women.
63
How was obedience tested in experiment 13?
An ‘ordinary man’ (a confederate) directed the participant to administer shocks after the authority figure left.
64
What happened to obedience levels when the ‘ordinary man’ gave orders?
Obedience dropped to 20% of participants continuing to 450V.
65
What was one strength of Milgram’s procedures?
The use of standardised procedures, such as the experimenter leaving via a phone call, ensured replicability.
66
Why is experiment 13 criticised for low ecological validity?
The artificial setting and task did not reflect real-life scenarios of obedience.
67
What ethical concern is associated with Milgram's experiment 13?
Deception caused psychological distress, breaking the integrity principle of research.
68
What practical application does Milgram’s experiment 13 have?
Demonstrates the importance of perceived authority, informing practices like law enforcement uniforms to encourage obedience.
69
What were the aims of Burger's (2009) study?
To investigate whether Milgram’s findings were era-bound and whether individual differences, such as gender, desire for personal control, and empathic concern, affected obedience.
70
How were participants screened for Burger’s study?
They were excluded if they had taken more than 2 psychology classes, had knowledge of Milgram’s research, or were considered likely to have a negative reaction by a clinical psychologist.
71
What weakness was identified in the participant sample of Burger’s study?
38% of the volunteers were discarded, potentially leading to a sample that was more psychologically robust than the general population, reducing population validity.
72
What conditions were tested in Burger's study?
Condition 1: A replication of Milgram’s Experiment 5, with the learner having a heart condition. Condition 2: The ‘modelled refusal’ condition, where the confederate teacher stopped at 90V and asked the participant to take over.
73
How were ethical safeguards implemented in Burger's study?
Shocks stopped at 150V, participants were supervised by a clinical psychologist, and trials were terminated if necessary.
74
What were Burger’s findings regarding obedience levels?
70% of participants went beyond 150V in the baseline condition (compared to 82.5% in Milgram’s study), and 63.3% went beyond 150V in the modelled refusal condition
75
What is one strength of Burger’s procedure?
The use of a standardised procedure, ensuring replicability and the ability to compare findings with Milgram’s study, increasing reliability.
76
Why is Burger’s study criticised for low ecological validity?
The artificial lab setting and task (administering shocks for incorrect answers) do not reflect real-life situations involving obedience.
77
What was Burger’s conclusion about obedience?
Obedience is not era-bound, is unaffected by gender, and people with a higher desire for personal control are more disobedient.
78
What limits the real-world application of Burger’s study?
The ethical restriction of stopping shocks at 150V makes it difficult to gain insight into what motivates destructive acts, reducing its usefulness.
79
Q: What does Social Impact Theory explain?
It explains how the real or imagined presence of other people alters behavior, including obedience, with sources being those who impact the target, and the target being the individual or group impacted.
80
What is ‘strength’ in Social Impact Theory?
A measure of the power the target perceives the source to possess, determined by factors like social status.
81
How does Sedikides and Jackson’s study support Social Impact Theory?
Their study found 58% obedience when a zookeeper wore a uniform, compared to 35% in casual clothes, supporting the ‘strength’ aspect of the theory.
82
What does ‘immediacy’ refer to in Social Impact Theory?
the proximity of the source to the target.
83
How does ‘number’ influence Social Impact Theory?
The number of sources exerting influence on the target increases social impact, but it can be divided by the number of targets, reducing individual influence.
84
What is the formula used in Social Impact Theory?
Social impact is represented as
i=f(SIN), where strength, immediacy, and number are factors, and division of impact is represented as I= f(1/SIN)
85
How does diffusion of responsibility relate to Social Impact Theory?
As the number of people increases, individual responsibility decreases, explaining less obedience.
86
What is one practical application of Social Impact Theory?
Using the mathematical equation to predict behavior in situations requiring obedience, like ensuring greater police presence at football matches wearing visible uniforms.
87
What evidence challenges the importance of immediacy in Social Impact Theory?
Hofling’s study found 95% of nurses obeyed an unknown doctor via telephone, suggesting strength may be more important than immediacy.
88
What is a weakness of Social Impact Theory?
It ignores individual differences like personality, such as Adorno’s Authoritarian personality, making the theory overly simplistic.
89
What is a strength of Social Impact Theory?
Research supports its scientific credibility, allowing predictions about obedience of individuals and groups.
90
What does Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT) propose?
RCT suggests that conflict occurs when two groups compete for the same scarce resource, leading to prejudice.
91
What is negative interdependence in RCT?
It refers to a situation where one group winning depends on the other group losing, increasing hostility and prejudice.
92
What is the concept of zero-sum in RCT?
It describes a scenario where a finite resource creates one winner and one loser, further promoting conflict and prejudice.
93
What evidence supports RCT?
Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment (1954) showed that competition for a trophy among boys led to prejudice and aggression toward the out-group.
94
What criticism does Tyerman et al. (1983) offer against RCT?
Inter-group conflict was absent in a scout group even during resource competition, showing some groups may already possess superordinate goals.
95
How can prejudice be reduced according to RCT?
By introducing superordinate goals where competing groups work together to achieve a shared objective.
96
What are practical applications of RCT?
Reducing conflict by using superordinate goals in schools, workplaces, or prisons where resources are limited.
97
What alternative explanation does Tajfel's Social Identity Theory provide?
Belonging to a group is sufficient for prejudice to occur, without the need for resource conflict.
98
What does Ember and Ember's (1992) study contribute to RCT?
It observed increased intergroup hostility in tribal societies during natural disasters when resources were scarce.
99
What limitation does RCT have?
It isolates prejudice as resulting from resource conflict, ignoring factors like personality and historical relationships between groups.
100
What was the aim of Sherif's Robbers Cave Experiment?
To explore how competition and frustration lead to stereotyping, prejudiced attitudes towards an outgroup, and increased ingroup solidarity.
101
What was the sample in Sherif's study?
22 boys, 11 years old, from Oklahoma, with similar educational backgrounds, matched for IQ and sporting ability.
102
What was one strength of Sherif’s sample selection?
Matching boys for participant variables (e.g., skin color) ensured competition was the cause of prejudice, increasing validity.
103
What limitation did Sherif’s sample have?
It was androcentric and ethnocentric, reducing the generalisability of findings to females or people from other cultures.
104
What happened during the ingroup formation stage?
The two groups (Rattlers and Eagles) bonded by doing activities like hiking and swimming.
105
What occurred in the friction phase?
Awareness of the other group led to a tournament for prizes, insults, and hostility; e.g., burning the Rattlers’ flag.
106
What was the outcome of the integration phase?
Superordinate goals reduced conflict, and outgroup friendships increased significantly.
107
How was data collected in Sherif's experiment?
Through questionnaires, sociometric techniques mapping friendships, observations, and hidden microphones.
108
What strength does Sherif’s use of multiple data collection methods provide?
It allowed statistical analysis and insight into motivations, enhancing validity.
109
What limitation affected the validity of Sherif’s findings?
Extraneous variables, such as weather and moods, may have influenced interactions.
110
What ethical concerns are associated with Sherif’s study?
Covert observations posed privacy concerns that would require amendments if replicated today.
111
What is a practical application of Sherif’s findings?
Introducing superordinate goals in settings like schools to reduce prejudice between groups.
112
What does Social Identity Theory (SIT) claim about prejudice?
Prejudice is a natural and inevitable outcome of social grouping, with group membership alone being sufficient for prejudice, without competition.
113
What are the three processes involved in SIT?
Social categorisation, social identification, and social comparison.
114
What is social categorisation in SIT?
The process of seeing oneself as belonging to specific groups (in-groups), while others belong to out-groups.
115
What is social identification in SIT?
Adopting the beliefs, values, and attitudes of one’s in-group and altering behavior to align with the group.
116
What is social comparison in SIT?
Boosting self-esteem by negatively comparing in-groups to out-groups, attributing in-group successes to internal factors and out-group successes to external factors.
117
What supporting evidence exists for SIT?
Tajfel’s (1970) study with 15-year-old boys showed they allocated more points to in-group members, proving group membership alone causes prejudice.
118
What is one competing argument against Tajfel’s evidence for SIT?
The point allocation task lacks mundane realism and ecological validity, as it does not replicate real-life prejudice situations with social consequences.
119
How can SIT be applied to real-world problems?
It explains radicalisation by showing how marginalised individuals adopt extreme group views for self-esteem, leading to prejudice and discrimination.
120
What interventions can address issues explained by SIT?
Programs like Prevent help radicalised individuals by offering pro-social role models and healthier in-group identities.
121
What alternative theory challenges SIT?
Sherif’s Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT), which argues that prejudice arises from competition for scarce resources, not just group membership.
122
What is a strength of SIT?
Its useful applications in reducing prejudice, such as creating common in-group identities in schools and workplaces.
123
What is a limitation of SIT?
It is reductionist, oversimplifying prejudice by ignoring individual differences like Authoritarian Personality traits.
124
What balanced conclusion can be drawn about SIT?
While SIT enhances understanding of prejudice and has practical applications, it simplifies a complex behavior and neglects factors like personality.
125
What is a questionnaire in psychology?
A self-report method of collecting data about an individual’s opinion, carried out in person, by post, or online, with questions being either closed or open.
126
What are closed questions?
Questions requiring a specific answer, restricted with no room for expansion, including Likert scales, rating scales, and identifying characteristics.
127
Why are closed questions useful in questionnaires?
They produce quantitative data, allowing objective analysis and easy comparisons across samples/groups.
128
What is a limitation of using only closed questions?
They may lead to response bias, where respondents repeat answers, lowering the validity of the findings.
129
What are open questions?
Questions that allow respondents to answer freely, producing qualitative data with in-depth information.
130
Why are open questions useful in questionnaires?
They provide detailed insights into respondents' views and reasons behind their answers, increasing validity.
131
What is a limitation of using only open questions?
Responses may be subject to researcher interpretation, introducing bias and reducing validity.
132
What is a general strength of questionnaires as a research method?
They are useful for gathering data from large samples, increasing generalisability to a wider population.
133
What is a general limitation of questionnaires?
They may only attract respondents who want to complete them (e.g., helpful individuals), reducing generalisability to a broader population.
134
What is personality in the context of obedience?
Personality refers to a set of stable traits that affect willingness to obey orders or dissent, such as Adorno's Authoritarian personality.
135
What characterises an Authoritarian personality?
Rigid thinking, obedience to authority, and harshness toward subordinates, often resulting from a strict upbringing.
136
How is the Authoritarian personality measured?
Using Adorno's F-scale, with higher scores indicating a more Authoritarian personality.
137
What study supports the influence of personality on obedience?
Elms and Milgram (1966) found that participants who fully obeyed scored higher on the F-scale and reported less closeness with their fathers.
138
What is a limitation of Elms and Milgram's study?
It relies on self-report data, which may be influenced by social desirability bias, reducing validity.
139
What evidence suggests personality may not be the most important factor in obedience?
Meeus and Raaijmakers (1986) found higher obedience rates (92%) in Holland with psychological harm, indicating situational factors may be more significant.
140
How does gender influence obedience?
Gender identity and stereotypes affect behavior, with females typically seen as more caring and obedient, while males are seen as more dominant and less obedient.
141
What evidence supports gender differences in obedience?
Sheridan and King (1972) found 100% of females and 54% of males fully obeyed when giving shocks to a puppy, suggesting females are more obedient.
142
What evidence refutes gender differences in obedience?
Burger (2009) replicated Milgram’s experiment and found no significant gender differences in obedience.
143
What other personality factor influences obedience?
An external locus of control, where individuals take less responsibility for their actions, tends to correlate with higher obedience.
144
What is a more holistic explanation for obedience?
Obedience is likely affected by a combination of personality, gender, group dynamics (as per Social Impact Theory), and situational factors.
145
What is culture in the context of obedience?
Culture refers to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society, which influence obedience through dimensions like the Power Distance Index (PDI).
146
What is the Power Distance Index (PDI)?
PDI measures how accepting people are of hierarchy and inequality in society; higher PDI cultures show greater obedience due to authority being absolute.
147
What study supports the effect of PDI on obedience?
Kilham and Mann (1974) found 28% obedience in Australia (low PDI of 36%), while Dolinski (2017) found 90% obedience in Poland (higher PDI of 68%).
148
What research challenges the influence of culture on obedience?
Blass (2012) found similar obedience rates in US (61%) and non-US (66%) replications of Milgram’s study, suggesting obedience may be universal.
149
How do collectivist and individualistic cultures affect obedience?
Collectivist cultures value interdependence and cooperation, increasing obedience. Individualistic cultures prioritize personal achievement, which may also foster obedience for personal gain.
150
What study supports cultural differences in obedience?
Meeus & Raaijmakers (1986) found 92% obedience in Holland using psychological harm, suggesting Dutch participants may be more obedient than Americans.
151
What factors other than culture may affect obedience?
Personality traits, such as Authoritarianism, influence obedience. Elms and Milgram (1966) found higher obedience linked to higher F-scale scores.
152
What does a holistic approach to understanding obedience suggest?
Obedience is influenced by cultural dimensions (e.g., PDI), situational factors (e.g., legitimate authority), and individual differences, requiring an integrated perspective.
153
How do collectivist cultures influence prejudice?
Collectivist cultures, like Japan and China, emphasize group importance, leading to intergroup conflict and prejudice.
154
How do individualistic cultures influence prejudice?
Individualistic cultures, like the US and UK, prioritize individual importance, which may lead to interpersonal conflict and negative out-group bias.
155
What study supports culture sharing prejudiced views of out-groups?
Katz and Brady’s study found American students attributed stereotypes like "lazy" to Black people and "sneaky" to Jewish people.
156
What critique exists for Katz and Brady’s research?
It may lack validity due to social desirability bias, where participants answer based on perceived expectations.
157
What theory explains culture-based prejudice through group dynamics?
Tajfel and Turner’s Social Identity Theory suggests the mere presence of another group threatens in-group identity, leading to prejudice.
158
How does Sherif’s Robbers Cave experiment challenge cultural influences on prejudice?
Prejudice occurred among boys with similar cultural backgrounds, suggesting other factors like competition may have stronger effects.
159
What is a limitation of Sherif’s Robbers Cave study?
Findings may not generalize to adults or females, as the study involved only young boys.
160
What individual difference complicates cultural explanations of prejudice?
Authoritarian personality traits can increase prejudice, irrespective of cultural influences.
161
What conclusion can be drawn about culture's role in prejudice?
While culture can influence prejudice, it cannot account for individual differences, such as personality traits
162
What was the aim of our social practical research investigation?
To determine whether males or females perceived themselves as more obedient.
163
What sampling method was used for the social practical?
Opportunity sampling was used, recruiting 10 male and 10 female students aged 16-18 years.
164
What is one strength of using opportunity sampling in the social practical
It is appropriate for investigating the effects of gender on obedience, as anyone can fill out a questionnaire without specific criteria.
165
What is a limitation of using opportunity sampling in the social practical?
Researchers may choose friends with similar behaviors, reducing population validity and generalisability.
166
What was the method used to collect data in social practical ?
Participants completed a questionnaire with 5 Likert scale questions and one open question about authority figures.
167
What type of analysis was performed on the data in social practical ?
A Mann-Whitney U test for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative responses.
168
What is a strength of using Likert scales for data collection in social practical ?
Quantitative data is more objective and can be checked for consistency by multiple researchers, increasing reliability.
169
What is a weakness of using quantitative data alone in social practical ?
It lacks detailed insights into participants' reasoning, risking socially desirable responses and reducing validity.
170
What was concluded about gender differences in obedience in social practical ?
The open question highlighted differences in why males and females obey authority figures.
171
What is a practical application of this research in social practical ?
Findings could help teachers modify their approach when addressing males and females in college
172
What was a key limitation of the study’s sample in social practical?
The sample was small and limited, reducing generalisability to the wider student population.
173
What is an interview in social psychology research?
A method where a researcher asks respondents questions directly, records their responses, and later transcribes them, often using a mix of open and closed questions.
174
When are interviews commonly used?
When exploring sensitive topics or when respondents, such as children or individuals with mental health issues, may struggle to complete questionnaires.
175
What is a structured interview?
A type of interview with closed, predetermined questions where the respondent cannot lead the direction of the conversation.
176
What is one strength of structured interviews?
They are standardized, making them easier to replicate and increasing the reliability of findings.
177
What is a limitation of structured interviews?
Restricted responses prevent participants from expanding on answers, potentially losing valuable qualitative data.
178
What is a semi-structured interview?
An interview with some pre-determined questions and flexibility for respondents to lead the direction of the conversation as it progresses.
179
What is one strength of semi-structured interviews?
They provide both qualitative and quantitative data, increasing validity by enabling comparisons.
180
What is a limitation of semi-structured interviews?
Open questions require interpretation, which may introduce personal bias and reduce reliability.
181
What is an unstructured interview?
An interview where respondents lead the course of the conversation, with the researcher guiding it around a broad topic.
182
What is one strength of unstructured interviews?
Responses reflect genuine opinions and motivations, increasing validity.
183
What is a limitation of unstructured interviews?
Responses may be influenced by interviewer bias through leading questions, reducing validity.
184
What are the benefits of using interviews in social psychology?
They allow researchers to explore obedience and prejudice by uncovering opinions, motivations, and attitudes.
185
What is a drawback of unstructured interviews in research?
They produce large amounts of qualitative data, which can be time-consuming to analyze and difficult to interpret objectively.
186
What alternative approach may complement interviews?
Combining interviews with field experiments to directly observe obedient behavior and enhance the accuracy of findings.
187
What event highlighted violence between England and Germany supporters?
The 2006 World Cup, where violence broke out as both teams competed for national pride.
187
What are the societal issues caused by football violence?
Property damage, injuries to supporters and police, distress for residents, and financial costs.
188
How does Sherif's Realistic Conflict Theory explain football violence?
Competing groups (England and Germany supporters) over a zero-sum resource (the trophy) leads to increased ingroup solidarity and outgroup hostility.
189
How does Social Identity Theory account for fan behavior?
Fans categorize themselves into social groups (e.g., England or Germany supporters), exhibit social identification (scarves, face paint), and demonstrate ingroup favoritism through abusive chants, raising their self-esteem.
190
How was police presence enhanced during the World Cup?
1,800 police officers were deployed, equipped with tear gas and water cannons to manage violence.
191
How does Social Impact Theory suggest reducing football violence?
By increasing the number of legitimate authority figures (police officers) and ensuring proximity to the crowd, enhancing obedience and compliance.
192
What role did CCTV and mobile phones play in managing violence?
They were used to identify ringleaders and break up violence, although some innocent supporters were misidentified.
193
How does Agency Theory relate to the behavior of ringleaders?
Ringleaders act as authority figures, placing others in an agentic state where they follow orders and displace responsibility. Removing the ringleader forces individuals into an autonomous state, reducing violence.
