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Year 12 Psychology > Social Psychology > Flashcards

Social Psychology Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Claim of Agency theory

A

obedience is a result of individuals being in an agentic state, displacing responsibility

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2
Q

Components of Agency theory

A

agentic state
autonomous state
agentic shift
moral strain

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3
Q

Supporting evidence for agency theory

A

Milgram original study, ppts blamed authority for telling them to shock the learner

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4
Q

Opposing evidence for agency theory

A

doesn’t support individual differences and why some people don’t go through an agentic shift

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5
Q

Different theory for agency theory

A

Social impact theory, explains how authority impacts individuals through strength, immediacy and number

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6
Q

Application for agency theory

A

Explains Nazi Germany and Adolf Eichmann who claimed he was just following orders, blaming his authority

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7
Q

Claim for social impact theory

A

the greater strength and number, and closer the immediacy, the more likely an individual is to obey

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8
Q

components of social impact theory

A

strength
immediacy
number

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9
Q

define strength

A

authority

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10
Q

define immediacy

A

distance

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11
Q

define number

A

total number of sources and targets

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12
Q

supporting evidence for social impact theory

A

Hofling- 95% of nurses obeyed a doctor over the phone to give double the recommended drug to patient

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13
Q

opposing evidence for social impact theory

A

doesn’t explain individual differences and why some people aren’t affected as much by authority compared to others

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14
Q

Different theory for social impact theory

A

Agency theory- explains the shift from autonomous to agentic state

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15
Q

Application for social impact theory

A

more authority in larger gatherings to promote social control

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16
Q

Aim of Milgram original

A

how far people would go in obeying an instruction from an authority figure if it involved harming someone

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17
Q

Procedure of Milgram original

A

volunteer sample

paid $4.50

sample between 20-50

from new haven area

confederate was always learner, real ppt was always teacher

15 volt increments, shocked every time got word pair wrong

given 4 verbal prods

315V leaner went silent

debrief at the end

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18
Q

Results of Milgram original

A

65% went to 450V

3 had seizures

everyone went to 300V

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19
Q

Conclusion of Milgram original

A

ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by authority, even if it means killing someone

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20
Q

Telephonic instructions aim

A

the effect of proximity to authority figure

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21
Q

telephonic instructions procedure

A

ppts given order to shock learner through telephone

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22
Q

telephonic instructions results

A

22.5% went to 450V

many lied and said they shocked learner when they didn’t

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23
Q

telephonic instructions conclusion

A

the greater the distance, the less obedience

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24
Q

rundown office block aim

A

investigate situational factors affecting obedience, the effect of the status of the environment

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25
rundown office block procedure
procedure ran in rundown office block in Bridgeport rather than Yale
26
rundown office block results
48% ppts went to maximum 450v
27
run down office block conclusion
the lower the status of the environment, the less obedience
28
ordinary man aim
to investigate situational factors affecting obedience, the affect of status/authority of the individual giving the orders
29
ordinary man procedure
experimenter is a confederate pretending to be ppt who was 'randomly' allocated the role through drawing straws
30
ordinary man results
20% ppts went to 450V
31
ordinary man conclusion
the lesser the status, the less obedience
32
what was Hofling's study
doctor called 22 nurses to give more than recommended dosage to patient. 21/22 obeyed
33
what was Bickman's study
confederate dressed in normal clothes, milkman uniform or security guard uniform. asked people to pick up litter. more obedience when dressed as guard
34
situational factors affecting obedience
status and authority proximity
35
individual differences affecting obedience
authoritarian personality external locus of control gender
36
evidence that there is no gender difference in obedience
milgram found similar rates of obedience (66%/65%)
37
evidence that there is a gender difference in obedience
Sheridan and king- puppy study- all 13 females shocked to full voltage. 7/13 shocked until end
38
cultural factors affecting obedience
individualistic collectivist
39
define individualistic culture
behave independently and resist compliance. value needs of the individual over needs of the group
40
define collectivist culture
behave as a collective group and value the needs of the group over the individual
41
claim of social identity theory - Tajfel and Turner
prejudice is a result of formation of groups in society
42
components of social identity theory
social categorisation social identification social comparison
43
define social categorisation
seeing yourself as part of a group
44
define social identification
overtly identifying with the group you are a part of
45
define social comparison
comparing the in and out-group. we degrade the out-group to boost the in-group self-esteem
46
supporting evidence for social identity theory
Jane Elliots blue/brown eyes- groups degraded each other and turned their eye colour into an insult
47
opposing evidence for social identity theory
sherif robbers cave- the two groups of boys only showed prejudice after being introduced through competition e.g. tug of war
48
different theory for social identity theory
realistic conflict theory- prejudice is a result of direct competition between groups
49
application of social identity theory
to reduce prejudice, encourage intergroup contact and will let them get to know the out-group
50
claim of realistic conflict theory
prejudice is a result of direct competition between groups in society
51
components of realistic conflict theory
intergroup conflict limited resources superordinate goals
52
define intergroup conflict
real conflict experienced between the groups lead to prejudice
53
define limited resources
a real or perceived lack of resources that the groups compete for
54
define superordinate goals
goals that can only be achieved by cooperation between groups reduces prejudice
55
supporting evidence for RCT
sherif robbers cave- two groups fought for limited resource e.g. pocket knives
56
opposing evidence for RCT
Jane Elliot- found that mere categorisation of groups caused prejudice
57
different theory for RCT
social identity theory- categorisation is enough to cause prejudice
58
application for RCT
explains why there is prejudice against immigrants- jobs are a limited resource
59
aim of Jane Elliot
whether prejudice would occur as a result of dividing her students into different groups based on eye colour
60
procedure of Jane Elliot
divided her class into blue and brown eyes. blue eyed group told they were superior and were allowed lunch break earlier and were allowed to use the water fountain. later in the week, the brown eyed were treated favourably.
61
results of Jane Elliot
children degraded those in the other group, friendships were split
62
conclusion of Jane Elliot
social categorisation can lead to prejudice and discrimination
63
individual differences affecting prejudice
authoritarian personality- submissive to authority and harsh to those seen as lower status to them
64
cultural factors affecting prejudice
collectivist culture individualistic culture
65
situational factors affecting prejudice
conflict- e.g. sherif robbers cave, competition such as baseball
66
aim of sherif
whether superordinate goals and cooperation would lead to a reduction of prejudice amongst boys at a summer camp
67
procedure of sherif
22 11 year old boys from middle class protestant background in Oklahoma parents paid $25 for Childs participation stage 1- boys split into 2 groups and bonded by hiking and swimming. named themselves the Eagles and Rattlers stage 2- two groups introduced through competitions e.g.tug- of war and baseball to win pocket knives and medals stage 3- two groups brought together and completed joint activities such as meals. they completed goals such as fixing a water tank and a broken down camp bus
68
results of sherif
stage 1- developed own group norms e.g. Eagles and Rattlers stage 2- verbal and physical aggression e.g. name calling and burning a camp flag. only 7% intergroup friendships stage 3- eating and watching films together isn't enough to reduce hostility. cooperative activities reduced prejudice. 30% had intergroup friendships
69
conclusion of sherif
introduction of superordinate goals that require cooperation between groups can reduce prejudice
70
generalisability of sherif
small sample of only 22 11 year old boys ppts all from same background, could be raised to be prejudice
71
reliability of sherif
as its a field experiment there is limited control over extraneous variables there was a 3 stage procedure meaning it can be replicated
72
application of sherif
why there's prejudice against immigrants as jobs are a limited resource
73
validity of sherif
high ecological validity as procedure took place in a natural environment the groupings in the experiment do not reflect everyday group behaviour as groups are normally based on interests
74
ethics of sherif
boys subject to psychological and physical harm e.g. physical fights and name calling
75
aim of burger
whether changes in society and culture influence obedience
76
procedure of burger
volunteer sample paid $50 for participation took place in screening process and were taken out if they had knowledge of psychology another screening process with 2 clinical psychologists investigating anxiety and depression sample of 70 males and females baseline- milgrams procedure highest voltage 150v took place at Santa Clara uni modelled refusal condition- second confederate dropped out at 90v and real ppt asked to take their place
77
result of burger
70% ppt shocked to full 150v in baseline 63.3% ppts shocked to full 150v modelled refusal
78
conclusion of burger
changes in culture and society have not affected the likelihood that individuals will obey an authority figure
79
generalisability of burger
large sample of 70 and had males and females, more generalisable excluded those with prior knowledge of psychology which may limit the generalisability of results to wider population
80
reliability of burger
standardised procedure e.g. verbal prods extraneous variables controlled by lab experiment
81
application of burger
used to explain Nazi Germany and the case of Adolf Eichmann who claimed he was 'just following orders'
82
validity of burger
lacks ecological validity as the tasks lack mundane realism and doesn't reflect everyday obedience ppts with knowledge of psychology removed so demand characteristics were counteracted
83
ethics of burger
max voltage was 150v which isn't enough to kill someone had right to withdraw and were reminded of this, but the 4 verbal prods were still there

Year 12 Psychology (17 decks)

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