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English Language > social stratafication > Flashcards

social stratafication Flashcards

1
Q

What was the name of Labov’s New York study?

A

The social stratafication of English in New York

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2
Q

When was Labov’s New York study?

A

1966

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3
Q

What was the accent variation Labov was looking for in his New York study?

A

rhotic r/post vocalic r

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4
Q

Which three stores did Labov go to?

A

Kleins, Macy’s and Saks

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5
Q

What were Labovs findings for the New York study?

A

upper class pronounced it more however lower class overpronounced it in formal situations

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6
Q

Where was Trudgill’s language study?

A

Norwich

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7
Q

When was Trudgill’s language study?

A

1982

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8
Q

What was the aim of Trudgill’s investigation?

A

whether social class, gender and speech consciousness impacts how we speak

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9
Q

What accent variation was Trudgill focused on?

A

-ing

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10
Q

What were Trudgill’s findings?

A

working classes more likely to drop the ‘g’, in casual conversation lower classes dropped 100%, upper classes 30%

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11
Q

How did Trudgill define class?

A

occupation, education, housing type, income

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12
Q

What methods did Trudgill use to complete his study?

A

Interviews, reading a passage, word lists and comprehension

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13
Q

Where did Petyt complete his study?

A

Bradford

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14
Q

What accent variation did Petyt focus on?

A

/h/ dropping

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15
Q

What were Petyt’s findings?

A

lower working class h dropped 93% whereas upper middle dropped 17%

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16
Q

In 2013 what did London school of economics and the BBC use to define social class?

A

own a property, average income, savings, social group and cultural activities

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17
Q

When was Social code theory established?

A

1971

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18
Q

Who produced the Social code theory?

A

Bernstein

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19
Q

What is elaborate code?

A

a form of speech closest to being universally understandable, resembles standard english

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20
Q

What is restricted code?

A

a form of speech which excludes some listeners and creates a sense of belonging within social groups

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21
Q

What were Bernstein’s views on the value of each code?

A

“one code is not better than another, each possesses its own aesthetic, its own possibilities”

22
Q

What is the correlation between social class and social code theory?

A

lower class - only use restricted
upper class - more culturally and geographically mobile so can code switch between each.

23
Q

What did Antherton (2002) state about restricted code

A

Everyone uses restricted code some of the time.

24
Q

Who produced social network theory?

A

Milroy (1980)

25
Q

What is the definition of a “social network”?

A

groups of people who regularly interact with each other

26
Q

What is a closed network?

A

connected contacts all know one another and tend to be high density

27
Q

What is an open network?

A

connected contacts don’t all know each other, tend to be low density

28
Q

What is a multiplex network?

A

connected contacts in a particular network belong to separate groups

29
Q

What is network density?

A

describes the potential connections in a network that are actual connections eg a family reunion = high, a bus = low

30
Q

What method did Milroy use to complete her work on social network theory?

A

She embedded herself within working class communities in Belfast

31
Q

What did Milroy investigate in Belfast for social network theory?

A

The correlation between the integration of people into the community and language use

32
Q

How did Milroy rank social network for each individual?

A

she gave each a ‘network strength score’

33
Q

What did Milroy find from her Belfast investigation?

A

people with high network strength scores had stronger accents reinforced by social density, community ties associated with identity and language use

34
Q

What was the name of Penelope Eckert’s (2000) study?

A

Jocks and burnouts

35
Q

What was investigated in the Jocks and burnouts study?

A

an american highschool, jocks participated in school activities whereas burnouts rebelled against school

36
Q

What did Eckert find in her study?

A

burnouts used exaggerated pronunciation but jocks used more standard and socially prestigious language - adopt language of people who share their values

37
Q

Where did Jenny Cheshire complete her study?

A

Reading, 1982

38
Q

What was Jenny Cheshire’s study?

A

an adventure playground investigating teenagers’ sociolects and peer group culture

39
Q

What were Cheshire’s findings?

A

‘tough’ teenagers were using non-standard variations more - they could choose where they wanted to be and how they used language

40
Q

What is overt prestige?

A

adopting the form of speech which is associated with social status - money, wealth and success, RP, sophisticated

41
Q

What is covert prestige?

A

adopting the form of speech associated with less quantifiable and individualized aspects of social status - personal and local identity

42
Q

When was the Martha’s vineyard study?

A

1963

43
Q

Who conducted the Martha’s Vineyard study?

A

Labov

44
Q

What was the Martha’s vineyard study?

A

Originally it was a fishing island but became a poplar holiday destination for ‘summer people’, Labov interviewed different people from the island

45
Q

What were Labov’s findings from his 1963 study?

A

Fishermen began to exaggerare a tendency already existing to identify themsleves as vineyarders and increase social distance

46
Q

Which variation was focused on in Martha’s Vineyard study?

A

diphthong vowels (au & ie, mouse and mice)

47
Q

What is martha’s vineyard an example of?

A

Covert prestige

48
Q

Who originated communities of practice?

A

Lave and Winder (1991)

49
Q

What are communities of practice?

A

people coming together for a particular purpose and establishing ways to achieve purpose

50
Q
A

English Language (5 decks)

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