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Core Subjects EC - 6 ELAR > Social Studies > Flashcards

Social Studies Flashcards

1
Q

The absolute location of farms in Texas has the most direct effect on what?

A

types of ag products

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2
Q

Based on the information on the graph, which one is the most accurate? UNITED STATES POPULATION PYRAMIDS FOR 1900, 1950 AND 2000.

A

the population of each age group increased between 1950 and 2000

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3
Q

which of the following will most likely increase both the price and the annual sales of personal computers?

A

an increase in the demand for personal computers

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4
Q

a teacher assigns students to draw a map of their morning school bus route. the teacher asks students to estimate the school’s distance from buildings or points of interest they pass by on their bus route. which of the following learning objectives does this activity fulfill?

A

relative distance

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5
Q

A second grade teacher is planning a history lesson that will address the following statewide learning objective:
“The student understand that multiple points of view have shaped historical research”
To best address the objective, the teacher should have students:

A

Compare various primary source documents about a controversial event

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6
Q

Which of the following terms is best for a teacher to include in a lesson on demographics?

A

migration

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7
Q

During group presentations on the structure and function of the federal government, a group of students presents to the class the slide below that contains erroneous information.
“The Judicial Branch: This branch uses the court system to enforce laws made by the legislative branch”
It would be most appropriate for the teacher to provide the students with additional instruction on the:

A

powers of the executive and judicial branches

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8
Q

Which of the following was primarily responsible for upsetting the balance between free states and slave states prior to the start of the United States Civil war?

A

Mexican-American war

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9
Q

Which of the following was the primary significance of the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas revolution?
a) Santa Anna was captured there by the Texas army
b) It galvanized Texas resistance to Mexican forces
c) Valuable weapons and munitions were taken by the Texas army
d) It was a crushing defeat for the Mexican army

A

B. It galvanized Texas resistance to Mexican forces

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10
Q

Which of the following is the primary economic reason for the initial exploration of the Americas by Europeans?

A

Discovering a new route of Asia

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11
Q

Which of the following could be used as a secondary source for a lesson on the Texas Revolution?

A

A section about Santa Anna in Texas history textbook

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12
Q

The United States constitution differed from the articles of confederation in which of the following ways?

A

The constitution created a separation of powers in the national government

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13
Q

A fourth grade student is creating an article for a fictional newspaper that discusses a specific difference between Sam Houston and Mirabeau B. Lamar. Which of the following headlines would be most appropriate for the student to use?

A

Attitudes toward American Indians

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14
Q

Which of the following amendments to the constitution most advanced woman suffrage in the United States?

A

Nineteenth

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15
Q

Different types of graphics have advantages for particular uses. Teaches must evaluate and choose graphics based on the students’ needs. Which of the following is the greatest advantage of the population pyramid shown?

A

The graph allows for comparison of population over time

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16
Q

Which of the following best accounts for the difference in population for those under five years of age in the year 1950 compared to 1900?

A

The post- second baby boom

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17
Q

Based on the information in the graph, which of the following is most likely to occur by 2025?

A

An increased need for elderly care facilities and home-care personnel

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18
Q

By 1900, European nations had divided Africa into colonies based mainly on geographic factors. For Africa, the primary result of the division was:

A

the rise of conflicts based on ethnicity

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19
Q

The absolute location of farms in Texas has the most direct effect on

A

the types of agricultural products grown

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20
Q

A teacher assigns students to draw a map of their morning school bus route. The teacher asks students to estimate the school’s distance from buildings or points of interest they pass by on their bus route. Which of the following learning objectives does this activity fulfill?

A

Understanding relative location

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21
Q

A lesson about Jonas Salk will focus primarily on which of the following?

A

invention of the polio vaccine

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22
Q

Which of the following geographic factors most influenced the settlement patterns of the earliest civilizations?

A

The availability of fresh water for consumption and irrigation

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23
Q

Which of the following is the most common reason for deforestation in developing countries?

A

To make more land available for farming

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24
Q

Which of the following map features will best help students understand the cardinal directions?

A

Compass rose

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25
Q

Which of the following is a definition of a tariff?
a) A tax credit for investment on capital goods
b) A tax credit for exports
c) A subsidy to importers
d) A tax on imports or exports

A

A tax on imports or exports

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26
Q

A teacher plans to instruct students about the differences between traditional-, command-, and market-economic systems. Which of the following resources is best to assist students in understanding these differences?

A

A chart comparing how goods are produced and distributed in each economic system

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27
Q

Which of the following will most likely increase both the price and the annual sales of personal computers?
a) An increase in the demand for personal computers
b) A decrease in the demand for personal computers
c) An increase in the supply of personal computers
d) A decrease in the supply of personal computers

A

A. An increase in the demand for personal computers

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28
Q

Which TWO of the following will most likely increase labor productivity?
a) Competition
b) Division of labor
c) An increase in the supply of goods
d) An increase in the cost of physical capital

A

Competition, Division of labor

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29
Q

Which of the following is commonly used as a general indicator of the standard of living in a country?

A

Per capita gross domestic product

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30
Q

Which of the following most influenced the development of representative government in the United States?

A

Second Treatise of Government by John Locke

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31
Q

In which of the following ways does the democratic government of the United States differ from that used by the Greek city state of Athens?

A

The Athenian assembly allowed all qualified citizens to take part in legislation, whereas representative legislators are elected in the United States

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32
Q

Which of the following entities receive the majority of sales tax revenue?

A

local and state government

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33
Q

Which of the following is included in the Texas Constitution Bill of Rights?

A

The right to equal protection under the law

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34
Q

Which of the following was the primary role of the Virginia House of Burgesses?

A

making laws

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35
Q

Which of the following statements correctly explains part of the system of checks and balances in the United States federal government?

A

Congress can override a presidential veto on legislation with a two-thirds vote from both houses

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36
Q

Which of the following types of government allows citizens the most control over government decisions?

A

Direct Democracy

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37
Q

Which of the following is true of the electoral process in the United States?

A

Candidates for the United States Senate must be at least 30 years old

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38
Q

I. Gadsden Purchase
II. Annexation of Texas
III. Mexican Cessation
IV. Louisiana Purchase
V. Treaty with Britain, 1846

Which of the above added the largest blocks of land to the United States?

A. II, IV, V
B. II, III, IV
C. II, III, V
D. II, V, I

A

B. II, III, IV

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39
Q

The Era of Good Feelings, which followed the War of 1812, was characterized by -

A. Increased cooperation between the United States and Native Americans
B. The rise of the Federalist Party as a major political force
C. Increased nationalism and patriotism in the United States
D. An increase in the number of political parties

A

C. Increased nationalism and patriotism in the United States

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40
Q

In 1954 the Supreme Court handed down the opinion in BROWN VS BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA.

Which of the following BEST explains how this decision affected the 1896 PLESSY VS. FERGUSON decision?

A. The BROWN decision overturned the separate but equal doctrine established in PLESSY
B. The BROWN decision upheld the rights of schools to restrict student speech issues as defined in PLESSY
C. The BROWN decision concurred with PLESSY in restricting the use of public funds in religious schools
D. The BROWN decision reversed the right of freedom of association that was established in PLESSY

A

A. The BROWN decision overturned the separate but equal doctrine established in PLESSY

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41
Q

Which of the following best explains the impact of third parties in United States history?

A. Third parties have resulted in larger voter turnout
B. Third parties have popularized issues that were later adopted by the major parties
C. Third parties have shifted party loyalty from one major party to another
D. Third parties have discouraged voters from voting in off-year elections

A

B. Third parties have popularized issues that were later adopted by the major parties

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42
Q

While planning for an upcoming unit on the Great Depression, Mrs. Greene decides that she wants to incorporate a piece of fiction and some artwork into her unit. Which of the following pairs would BEST help Mrs. Greene’s students understand the Great Depression?

A. Mark Twain’s “The Gilded Age” and the artwork of Andy Warholl
B. Stephen Crane’s “Red Badge of Courage” and the artwork of Ansel Adams
C. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Great Gatsby” ad the artwork of Norman Rockwell
D. John Steinback’s “Grapes of Wrath” and the artwork of Dorothea Lange

A

D. John Steinback’s “Grapes of Wrath” and the artwork of Dorothea Lange

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43
Q

When preparing a lesson on the French Revolution, Ms. Esparza chose to include a lesson economic. Which of the following BEST describes which topics in economics would be necessary for students to review in order to better understand the French Revolution?

A. Personal finance and budget planning
B. Tariffs and international trade
C. National taxation and expenditures
D. Monetary policy and unemployment

A

C. National taxation and expenditures

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44
Q

Use of an interdisciplinary approach to explore the environmental impact of human activity would probably be MOST relevant for a social studies unit on which of the following topics in Texas history?

A. The debate over where to set the boundary between Texas and Mexico during the 1840s
B. The events surrounding Texas’s decision to support the Confederacy in the Civil War
C. The economic efforts of railroad expansion in Texas during the second half of the 19th century
D. The development of the Texas aerospace industry int he late 20th century

A

C. The economic efforts of railroad expansion in Texas during the second half of the 19th century

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45
Q

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the relationships between a research study’s validity and reliability?

A. A study that has high reliability will also have high validity
B. A study can be reliable without being valid
C. The higher the study’s validity, the lower its reliability
D. The lower the validity the lower the reliability

A

B. A study can be reliable without being valid

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46
Q

The social studies and the drama teachers in a middle school decided to collaborate and find an effective means of combining drama and a study of social studies, and to develop dramatic exercises that would promote creative problem-solving, develop verbal and nonverbal skills, provide training in leadership and teamwork, and provide a deeper understanding of specific social science concepts by engaging students in real world issues, and allowing them to formulate and advocate a point of view. They both felt this would enhance the social studies curriculum and make it more relevant to students. In setting up this exercise, which of the following possible scenarios would be least likely to work well?

A. The students form a US Congress and act we senators discussing and ultimately voting on a clean air bill
B. The students forma model United Nations and discuss what actions to take towards Iran now that it is enhancing its atomic energy towards building weaponry
C. The students from a neighborhood Council and have a mock open session with the angry residents complaining about barking dogs
D. The students form a courtroom with a judge, jury, defendants, witnesses, and prosecutors who try a case on alleged cocaine trafficking

A

C. The students from a neighborhood Council and have a mock open session with the angry residents complaining about barking dogs

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47
Q

The Mayflower Compact, New England Town Hall Meetings, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the House of Burgesses are all examples of -

A. Efforts by the colonists to practice democratic principles
B. Efforts to secure independence from Great Britain
C. Efforts to bring religious freedom to all of the colonies
D. Efforts to recruit more colonists to the Americas

A

A. Efforts by the colonists to practice democratic principles

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48
Q

I. New Orleans surrenders to Union Forces
II. Dred Scott decision - U.S. Supreme Court rules that a slave is private property
III. Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Grant
IV. South Carolina leaves the Union
Which is the correct sequence for the events listed above?

A. I, II, III, IV
B. III, I, II, IV
C. IV, III, I, II
D. II, IV, I, III

A

D. II, IV, I, III

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49
Q

Which of the following was a result of World War II in Texas?

A. Voters elected only Democratic candidates
B. African Americans became the largest minority group
C. The economy of the state moved more toward industrialization
D. Population growth caused more people to move from the suburbs to the cities

A

C. The economy of the state moved more toward industrialization

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50
Q

Native Americans in pre-Columbian America, herders in Mongolia, and basket weavers in Guatemala are all examples of -

A. People living in traditional economies
B. People living in market economies
C. People living in command economies
D. People living in mixed economies

A

A. People living in traditional economies

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51
Q

“The misunderstanding between the people and the troops in this place was contrived by one party, not only to wound their adversaries who had voted to supply the troops according to the act of Parliament through the sides of the soldiers, by making them and their measures odious (repulsive) to the people but also to have a pretense to desire the removal of the troops; which I’m assured was mentioned, if not moved at the time in the Council.
-Thomas Gage, 1770

In the excerpt above, General Gage gives his opinion about the causes of the 1770 Boston riots. Why should a historian suspect bias in Gage’s statement?

A. His report agrees with the colonists’ accounts
B. He was an eyewitness to the events described
C. He recorded eyewitnesses accounts of the soldiers
D. His position might lead him to favor the soldiers

A

D. His position might lead him to favor the soldiers

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52
Q
  • New Orleans surrenders to Union Forces
  • Lincoln issues call for 75,000 troops
  • Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Grant
  • Lincoln announces plans to issue Emancipation Proclamation

The event listed above considered a major turning point in the Civil War was -

A. New Orleans surrenders to Union Forces
B. Lincoln issues call for 75,000 troops
C. Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Grant
D. Lincoln announces plans to issue Emancipation Proclamation

A

C. Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Grant

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53
Q

Mrs. Bush is a first-year teacher. She is teaching 6th grade Texas history. As she prepares to teach a unit on the Texas Revolution, the first thing she should do is 1. _____________________________. After completing this step, she should then 2. _____________________________. Finally, Mrs. Bush should 3. ___________________________________________.

A. Examine the TEKS standards for the unit
B. Create an assessment for the unit
C. Create lesson plans for the unit

A
  1. A. Examine the TEKS standards for the unit
  2. C. Create lesson plans for the unit
  3. B. Create an assessment for the unit
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54
Q

Describes the North or the South before the Civil War: More industrialized

A

North

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55
Q

Describes the North or the South before the Civil War:

More agricultural

A

South

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56
Q

Describes the North or the South before the Civil War:

Large plantations

A

South

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57
Q

Describes the North or the South before the Civil War:

Larger population

A

North

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58
Q

Describes the North or the South before the Civil War:

Greater presence of immigrant workers

A

North

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59
Q

While collecting data for a research project, a social scientist realizes that the information collected so far does not support the hypothesis being investigated. In this situation, the most appropriate next step for the social scientist to take could be to -

A. Put aside for later analysis any data that does not fit the hypothesis and continue with the research
B. Review the project’s research design and revise it as necessary to ensure confirmation of the hypothesis
C. Modify the hypothesis so that it is consistent with the data and then continue the research
D. Finish collecting and analyzing the data and try to determine why the data does not fit the hypothesis

A

D. Finish collecting and analyzing the data and try to determine why the data does not fit the hypothesis

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60
Q

Which of the following has the most significant impact on the transformation of some Native American groups from nomadic to sedentary peoples?

A. The domestication of maize
B. The introduction of the horse
C. The spread of the desert
D. The decline of the buffalo

A

A. The domestication of maize

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61
Q
  • Polyvinyl used in raincoats
  • Polyvester and nylon fabrics
  • Ethanol used in perfumes

The items listed above are most closely associated with -

A. By products of the oil industry
B. Critical materials for the space industry
C. Products for the entertainment industry
D. Materials used in agri-business

A

A. By products of the oil industry

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62
Q

A recession is a period of time, normally two or more quarters (more than six months) of economic decline. A recession is typically accompanied by an increase in unemployment.

According to current monetary policy, which of the following decisions would best help end a recession in the United States?

A. The Federal Reserve decreases the interest rate and buys government securities
B. The Federal Reserve increases the interest rate and sells government securities
C. The Federal Reserve decreases the reserve requirement and increases the interest rate
D. The Federal Reserve increases the reserve requirement and decreases the interest rate

A

A. The Federal Reserve decreases the interest rate and buys government securities

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63
Q

A recession is a period of time, normally two or more quarters (more than six months) of economic decline. A recession is typically accompanied by an increase in unemployment.

According to current fiscal theory, which of the following decisions would best end a recession in the United States?

A. Congress increases taxes and cuts funding for military supplies
B. Congress decreases taxes and increases the funding for road and bridge repairs
C. Congress increases subsidies to farmers while decreasing the number of time people can draw unemployment
D. Congress decreases the amount of time people can draw unemployment while increasing taxes on businesses

A

B. Congress decreases taxes ad increases the funding for road and bridge repairs

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64
Q

A typical iPhone is assembled in China with many electrical components from many different countries. When a factory in the United States closes because iPhone parts are now assembled in other countries the GDP of the United States will 1. ________________________. A year later, Apple, an American company, then sells the iPhone in multiple countries around the world, including the United States. That year, the iPhone that is assembled in the Chinese factory will
2. ____________________________the GDP in China and 3. _____________________________ the GDP in the United States.

A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Not impact

A
  1. B. Decrease
  2. A. Increase
  3. C. Not impact
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65
Q

What factor was most important in growing cotton in the 1800s?

A. Slave labor
B. Foreign investment
C. Dry summers
D. Improved transportation

A

A. Slave labor

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66
Q

“The people of the colonies know very well that the taxes of the Mother country are everyday increasing; and can they expect that no addition whatsoever will be made to theirs? They know very well that a great part of our national debt was constructed in establishing them on a firm foundation, and protecting them from the arbitrary attempts of their implacable enemies - Can anything then be so unreasonable, as a refusal of their assistance to wipe a little of it off? - London General Evening Post, August 20, 1765

The author of this excerpt is MOST LIKELY referring to -

A. The regulation that English National debt is always paid in full by Londoners
B. The expectation that the colonies should pay for their own defense
C. The realization that no taxes had been paid by the colonists to the mother country
D. The custom that the colonists has been paying their own way since the beginning

A

B. The expectation that the colonies should pay for their own defense

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67
Q

The combination of resources, improved transportation, and technological breakthroughs all contributed to the -

A. Era of Good Feelings
B. Adoption of the gold standard
C. Industrial Revolution
D. Formation of agricultural cooperatives

A

C. Industrial Revolution

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68
Q

A second-grade teacher is planning a history lesson that will address the following statewide learning objective - “The student understands that multiple points of view have shaped historical research.”

To best address the objective the teacher should have the students:

A. Explain how local people and events have influenced community history
B. Describe the characteristics of historical places within the community
C. Identify examples of local cultural heritage, such as stories, poems, and artwork
D. Compare various primary source documents about a controversial event

A

D. Compare various primary source documents about a controversial event

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69
Q

What are the three branches of government?

A

Legislative, Executive, and Judicial

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70
Q

A fourth-grade studnet is creating an article for a fictional newspaper that discusses a specific difference between Sam Houston and Mirabeau B. Lamar. Which of the following headlines would be most appropriate for the student to use?

A. Heroes of the Texas Revolution
B. Attitudes Toward American Indians
C. Presidents of the Republic of Texas
D. Texans Urge for British Colonial Procurement

A

B. Attitudes Toward American Indians

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71
Q

Which country has the highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

A

The United States of America

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72
Q

In which of the following ways does the democratic government of the United States differ from that used in the Greek city-state of Athens?

A. Athenian citizenship was based on land ownership, where as citizenship in the United States is purely hereditary.
B. The Athenian government was controlled buy a single appointed executive official, where as the United State government is controlled by a single elected executive official
C. The Athenian assemble allowed all qualified citizens to take part in legislation, whereas representative legislators were elected in the United States
D. A large percentage of people in Athens were eligible to vote, where as int eh United States very few people are eligible to vote

A

C. The Athenian assemble allowed all qualified citizens to take part in legislation, whereas representative legislators were elected in the United States

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73
Q

Which of the following entities receive the majority of sales tax revenue?

A. Local and state governments
B. Federal government agencies
C. Public and private school systems
D. Private businesses

A

A. Local and state governments

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74
Q

Which of the following statements correctly explains part of the system of checks and balances in the United States federal government?

A. International treaties must be written in Congress and signed into law by the president
B. The president has the power to appoint and impeach Supreme Court justices
C. The judicial branch has the power to veto proposed legislation drafted by the Congress
D. Congress can override a presidential veto on legislation with a two-thirds vote from both houses

A

D. Congress can override a presidential veto on legislation with a two-thirds vote from both houses

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75
Q

Which of the following types of government allows citizens the most control over government decision?

A. Oligarchy
B. Theocracy (run by religion)
C. Constitutional republic (run by constitution)
D. Direct democracy

A

D. Direct democracy

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76
Q

Bill of Rights

A

The first 10 Amendments to the U.S. Constitution became the Bill of Rights in 1791. They defined citizens’ rights in relation to the newly established government under the Constitution.

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77
Q

Common Sense (Thomas Paine)

A

Published in 1776, Common Sense challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. Paine used plain language that spoke to the common people of America and was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain.

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78
Q

Globalization

A

Commonly used as a shorthand way of describing the spread and connectedness of production, communication and technologies across the world. That spread has involved the interlacing of economic and cultural activity.

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79
Q

Caddo Indians

A

Lived in east and northeast Texas. Most of the Caddo farms and villages were near flowing creeks or springs with fresh water. They farmed because were no big herds of buffalo or other animals to hunt. They were sedentary because they farmed and did not have to move around to get food so they had permanent houses. They also traded goods all over Texas, the Mississippi river valley and the southeastern United States. They had a structured social system.

80
Q

Mary Austin Holley

A

Lived 1784-1846 and was an American historical writer best known as the author of the first known English-language history of Texas(1833). She was a cousin Mary Austin Holley of Stephen F. Austin, who arranged for Holley to receive a land grant on Galveston Bay

81
Q

Lorenzo de Zavala

A

A colonizer and statesman, Manuel Lorenzo Justiniano de Zavala was one of the most talented and capable of the many native Mexicans involved in Texas’ struggle for independence from Mexico.
At the Convention of 1836, de Zavala was elected vice-president of the interim government of the Republic of Texas.

82
Q

Lyndon B. Johnson

A

President of the U.S. from 1963-1969, also had a long history as a Congressman and Senator beginning in 1937. In Congress, Johnson worked hard for rural electrification, public housing, and eliminating government waste. As Senator he guided the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and 1964 as President. During his time in Congress and as President he was also instrumental in the development of the space program that eventually landed a man on the moon in 1969. His domestic program was known as The Great Society.

83
Q

Economic nationalism

A

A term used to describe policies which emphasize domestic control of the economy, labor and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital. It opposes globalization in many cases, or at least it questions the benefits of unrestricted free trade.

84
Q

Expansionism

A

As the American factory system developed the U.S. needed to find foreign markets in which to sell its manufactured products and from which to acquire raw goods. Initially, the policy that the U.S. pursued to meet its growing economic needs was one of expansionism rather than imperialism. Instead of imposing a military presence and colonial government—as many European countries were doing in Africa and throughout the globe—the U.S. aimed to advance its interests through investments and business transactions. American businesses began opening up production sites and markets in Latin America and elsewhere.

85
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

Newspaper editor John O’Sullivan coined the term “manifest destiny” in 1845 to describe the philosophy and belief that the U.S. should expand across the entire continent. It was this belief that spurred the westward movement of the young nation. It had connections to economic motives (land, fur trade, etc.) as well as cultural motives (the perceived superiority of the American culture).

86
Q

Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points

A

President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points became the basis for a peace program that led Germany and her allies to agree to an armistice in November 1918. The 14 points dealt with certain issues that were involved in WWI. One of the points called for a League of Nations.

87
Q

Good Neighbor Policy

A

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office determined to improve relations with the nations of Central and South America. Under his leadership the United States emphasized cooperation and trade rather than military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere. In his inaugural address on March 4, 1933, Roosevelt stated: “In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor–the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others.”

88
Q

The Marshall Plan

A

U.S. Secretary of State George Marshal introduced this in a speech in 1947. It was a plan to help the economies of European countries that had been devastated by World War II recover and rebuild.

89
Q

Jamestown

A

The first permanent English settlement in North America on the banks of the James River in Virginia in 1607. Famine, disease and conflict with local Native American tribes in the first two years brought Jamestown to the brink of failure before the arrival of a new group of settlers and supplies in 1610.

90
Q

Mexican-American War

A

The Mexican-American War had two basic causes. First, the desire of the U.S. to expand across the North American continent to the Pacific Ocean caused conflict with all of its neighbors. Second, was the desire of newly independent Texas to join the U.S., an idea that Mexico opposed.

91
Q

The Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

A

Ended the Mexican-American War in February 2, 1848

92
Q

Battle of Veracruz

A

Important and climatic battle of the Mexican-American War

93
Q

Alonso Alvarez de Pineda

A

First known European to explore and map the Texas coastline in 1519.

94
Q

Cabeza de Vaca

A

Shipwrecked on what is believed today to be Galveston Island in 1528. After trading in the region for some six years, he later explored the Texas interior on his way to Mexico.

95
Q

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

A

In search of the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola, he led an expedition into the present southwestern United States and across northern Texas, 1540-42.

96
Q

Robert Cavelier, Sieur de LaSalle

A

Established Fort St. Louis at Matagorda Bay in 1685, and thus formed the basis for France’s claim to Texas. Two years later, LaSalle was murdered by his own men.

97
Q

Alonso de Leon

A

Mexican explorer reached Fort St. Louis, and found it abandoned, during an expedition planned to reestablish Spanish presence in Texas in 1689.

98
Q

Jean Laffite

A

Occupied Galveston Island and used it as a base for his smuggling and privateering operation, 1817-20.

99
Q

Battle of Velasco

A

Resulted in the first casualties in Texas’ relations with Mexico. After several days of fighting, the Mexicans under Domingo de Ugartechea were forced to surrender for lack of ammunition.

100
Q

Battle of Gonzales

A

Beginning of Texas revolution. Texans repulsed a detachment of Mexican cavalry.

101
Q

Goliad Campaign of 1835

A

Ended when George Collingsworth, Ben Milam, and forty-nine other Texans stormed the presidio at Goliad and a small detachment of Mexican defenders.

102
Q

Stephen F. Austin

A

Considered the founder of Anglo-American Texas. He later urged these people to revolt against Mexican rule and served as secretary of state of the Republic of Texas.

103
Q

Sam Houston

A

Sam Houston was born in Virginia on March 2, 1793. He led the Texas forces against the Mexican army and at the Battle of San Jacinto, 1836, his force defeated Santa Anna and secured Texas independence. He was elected the first President of the Republic of Texas and later served as Texas Governor

104
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the England, then spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. Led to development of a middle class.

105
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the England, then spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. Led to development of a middle class.

106
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

In a plan to settle boundary disputes and pay her public debt, Texas relinquished about one-third of her territory in exchange for $10,000,000 from the United States.

107
Q

Goliad Massacre

A

Nearly 400 Texans were executed by the Mexicans at the Goliad Massacre, under order of Santa Anna.

108
Q

William Barret Travis

A

Travis commanded the Texas defenders during the Siege and Battle of the Alamo. His Appeal from the Alamo for reinforcements has become an American symbol of unyielding courage and heroism.

109
Q

Jim Bowie

A

Known for his famous “Bowie knife” and a sometimes reckless adventurer. Now immortalized as one of the true folk heroes in early Texas as one of the defenders who died at the Alamo.

110
Q

Indigenous peoples of Texas

A

Apache tribes - Apache - southeast
The Coahuilteco and Carrizo tribes
The Caddo tribe - east
The Comanche tribe - central
The Jumano, Suma, Piro, and other eastern Pueblos - southwest
The Karankawa tribe
The Kiowa tribe - northcentral
The Kitsai tribe - east near Caddo
The Tawakoni tribe - east near Caddo
The Tonkawa tribe - east
The Wichita tribe - northeast

111
Q

The Apache

A

far west central and northwest, hunters

112
Q

The Karankawa

A

Gulf Coast, hunters and gatherers

113
Q

The Kiowa - northcentral

A

Lived in and around the Texas panhandle. hey were nomadic buffalo hunters. That makes them hunter gatherers. They were famous for their long distance raids.

114
Q

The Coahuilteco

A

Gulf Coast, hunters and gatherers

115
Q

Presidio

A

A fortified base established by the Spanish in North America between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. The fortresses were built to protect against pirates, hostile native Americans and enemy colonists.

116
Q

Tejanos

A

Denotes a Texan of Mexican descent, thus a Mexican Texan or a Texas Mexican

117
Q

Juan Seguin

A

Born in 1806. He was an outspoken champion of the Texans’ demand for more self-government, and very critical of the dictatorial policies of President Santa Anna. On February 3, 1836, he was among the twenty-five men who accompanied Colonel William Travis into the Alamo. Then on the night of February 25, after the Alamo was surrounded, he was chosen to carry an urgent plea for reinforcements to the Texan commander at Gonzales.

118
Q

Buffalo Soldiers

A

Once the Westward movement had begun, prominent among those blazing treacherous trails of the Wild West were the Buffalo Soldiers of the U.S. Army. These African-Americans were charged with and responsible for escorting settlers, cattle herds, and railroad crews.

119
Q

Davy Crockett

A

Famous frontiersman, left Tennessee to help Texas fight Mexico for independence. Died at the Alamo.

120
Q

Culture

A

Refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.

121
Q

Cultural Diffusion

A

Occurs when two distinct cultures are very close together. Over time, direct contact between the two leads to an intermingling of the cultures. An example today would be the similar interest in soccer in some areas of the United States and Mexico. Forced diffusion or expansion diffusion is the second method of cultural diffusion and takes place when one culture defeats another and forces its beliefs and customs onto the conquered people.

122
Q

Primary Source

A

First-hand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation. They are created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or conditions being documented.

123
Q

Secondary Source

A

A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event.

124
Q

Propaganda

A

Information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc.

125
Q

Almanac

A
126
Q

Atlas

A

Records and predicts astronomical events (the rising of the Sun, for instance), tides, weather, and other phenomena with respect to time. It can also refer to a usually annual reference book composed of various lists, tables, and often brief articles relating to a particular field or many general fields.

127
Q

Latitude

A

The angular distance of a place north or south of the earth’s equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes. Latitude is measured from the equator, with positive values going north and negative values going south.

128
Q

Longitude

A

Longitude is measured from the Prime Meridian (which is the longitude that runs through Greenwich, England), with positive values going east and negative values going west.

129
Q

Migrate

A

Physical movement from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. Among humans, historically this movement was nomadic, often causing significant conflict with the indigenous population and their displacement or cultural assimilation.

130
Q

Immigrate

A

To come to a place or country of which one is not a native in order to settle there.

131
Q

Emigrate

A

The act of leaving one’s country or region to settle in another.

132
Q

Political Map

A

A map that shows lines defining countries, states or territories. It is unlike other maps in that its purpose is to show borders. A political map also makes a deliberate political statement about which areas of the earth belong to a country or state.

133
Q

Relief Map

A

A map that depicts land configuration, often with contour lines. Some are three-dimensional.

134
Q

Historical Map

A

A map that shows things or events from the past,such as a map of the 13 colonies during the 1700’s or a map showing where battles of the Civil War took Place.

135
Q

Geographical Map

A

Shows major geographic features of an area or region.

136
Q

Continents

A

One of several very large landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, with seven regions commonly regarded as continents—they are (from largest in size to smallest): Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.[1]

137
Q

Map Legend

A

Tells you which signs on a map symbolize and represent, what is natural or a man-made feature. For example, a miniature blue tent on a map, represents the location of a camping site.
A legend on a map provides valuable information for interpreting what it is showing you. Gives direction by a north indication. Provides a scale to allow for distance calculations. Depending on map, will give city names, park locations, lakes, and rivers, etc.

138
Q

Delta

A

A landform that is formed at the mouth of a river where that river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, flat arid area, or another river. Deltas are formed from the deposition of the sediment carried by the river as the flow leaves the mouth of the river. Over long periods of time, this deposition builds the characteristic geographic pattern of a river delta.

139
Q

Savanna

A

flat grassland in tropical or subtropical regions, a wide treeless plain

140
Q

Plateau

A

Also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain.

141
Q

Desertification

A

Conversion of a grassland or an already arid land into a desert through indiscriminate human actions magnified by droughts. Such actions include overgrazing, repeated burning, intensive farming, and stripping of vegetation for firewood.

142
Q

Erosion

A

Erosion is the process by which the surface of the Earth gets worn down. Erosion can be caused by natural elements such as wind and glacial ice. But anyone who has ever seen a picture of the Grand Canyon knows that nothing beats the slow steady movement of water when it comes to changing the Earth.

143
Q

Supply and Demand

A

When the supply of a product or service is small then the demand for it, and usually the price,goes up. When the supply is large then the demand, and usually the price, goes down. There is more of it, so people aren’t willing to pay as much for it.

144
Q

Free-Market Economy

A

A market economy based on supply and demand with little or no government control. A completely free market is an idealized form of a market economy where buyers and sellers are allowed to transact freely (i.e. buy/sell/trade) based on a mutual agreement on price without state intervention in the form of taxes, subsidies or regulation.

145
Q

Agrarian Economy

A

Economy based on farming and cultivation of the land. Way of life stayed the same for many years. Usually involved two classes, very rich and very poor, no middle class.

146
Q

GDP

A

Gross Domestic Product - has to do with the total value of goods and services produced by a nation within a given year.

147
Q

Ranching in Texas

A

Had its origins in Mexico. Cattle originally came from Mexico and Spain, most of customs and terminology of ranching has roots in Mexico.

148
Q

Texas Industries

A

Texas leading cotton producer in the nation, and is a major producer of oil and gas.

149
Q

Democracy

A

A form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows people to participate equally—either directly or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws.

150
Q

Monarchy

A

Aform of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in a single individual. Forms of monarchy differ widely based on the level of legal autonomy the monarch holds in governance, the method of selection of the monarch, and any predetermined limits on the length of their tenure. When the monarch has no or few legal restraints in state and political matters, it is called an absolute monarchy and is a form of autocracy. Cases in which the monarch’s discretion is formally limited (most common today) are called constitutional monarchies. In hereditary monarchies, the office is passed through inheritance within a family group, whereas elective monarchies are selected by some system of voting.

151
Q

Oligarchy

A

A form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique; government by the few.

152
Q

Totalitarianism

A

A form of government that theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of the individual’s life to the authority of the government.

153
Q

Elastic Clause

A

This clause is one of the most powerful in the Constitution. It allows the Government of the United States to “make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution.” This has been used for all types of federal actions including requiring integration in the states.

154
Q

Supremacy Clause

A

It establishes that the federal constitution, and federal law generally, take precedence over state laws, and even state constitutions.

155
Q

Full Faith and Credit Clause

A

A clause in the U.S. Constitution which says that every state must recognize and respect the laws and judgments of other states.

156
Q

Commerce Clause

A

Grants Congress the power “To regulate Commerce (buying, selling, business) with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes”. The commerce power is an enumerated power of Congress and the Supreme Court has interpreted it as an express grant of authority to Congress and an affirmative limitation on the rights of the states to regulate commerce within their own borders.

157
Q

Advice and Consent Clause

A

A clause in the U.S. Constitution. This clause states that the President can exercise his/her power to enter into treaties with other countries and make appointments of judges and other officials only with the advice and consent of the Senate.

158
Q

Equal Protection Clause

A

The constitutional guarantee that no person or class of persons shall be denied the same protection of the laws that is enjoyed by other persons or other classes in like circumstances in their lives, liberty, property, and pursuit of happiness.

159
Q

Limited Government

A

A government in which anything more than minimal governmental intervention in personal liberties and the economy is not generally allowed by law, usually in a written constitution, originally implied the notion of a separation of powers and the system of checks and balances promoted by the U.S. Constitution.

160
Q

Unlimited Government

A

A government that has one dictator (or group) that makes up all the laws, and the citizens have no power over the dictator.
Leaders have almost absolute power. A government in which those who govern are free to use their power as they choose, unrestrained by laws or elections. Leaders do not have to follow the same laws that they set up for their people.

161
Q

Commissioners Court

A

The administrative and legislative center of authority for county governments in Texas.

162
Q

Domestication of Plants

A

Refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. The fundamental distinction of domesticated animals and plants from their wild ancestors is that they are created by human labour to meet specific requirements or whims and are adapted to the conditions of continuous care and solicitude people maintain for them.

163
Q

Nationalism

A

Nationalism is loyalty and dedication to one’s country over loyalty to other groups or individual interests. It typically emphasizes collective identity, seeking to link people by language, religion, or cultural background, and advances the notion that countries will benefit from pursuing national rather than international goals. Nationalism is often a motivating force behind countries’ struggle for independence from foreign rule or to stir up revolutionary sentiment against an unpopular government.

164
Q

Magna Charta (or Carta)

A

A document accepted by King John of England on June 15, 1215 which contains a series of laws establishing the rights of English barons and major landowners thereby limiting the authority of the King. The Latin word which means ‘great charter’ is then used as a synonyms of all written citizen’s rights and as foundation stones of statutes and laws . Magna Carta is the basis of individual rights and considered as a part of the English Constitution where there is no written constitution.

165
Q

Cold War

A

This term is used to describe the relationship between America and the Soviet Union 1945 to 1980. Neither side ever fought the other - the consequences would be too appalling, but they fought it through other countries, such as Vietnam. During this time period there was great tension between the U.S. and Soviet Union.

166
Q

The Renaissance

A

“Renaissance” literally means “rebirth.” It refers especially to the rebirth of learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century, spread to the north, including England, by the sixteenth century, and ended in the north in the mid-seventeenth century (earlier in Italy). During this period, there was an enormous renewal of interest in and study of classical antiquity.

167
Q

The Rosetta Stone

A

Discovered in Egypt in the late 18th century. It is inscribed with egyptian hieroglyphics and a translation of them in Greek. It was the key to understanding ancient Egyptian writing

168
Q

Vikings

A

From around A.D. 800 to the 11th century, a vast number of Scandinavians left their homelands to seek their fortunes elsewhere. These seafaring warriors–known collectively as Vikings or Norsemen (“Northmen”)–began by raiding coastal sites, especially undefended monasteries, in the British Isles. Over the next three centuries, they would leave their mark as pirates, raiders, traders and settlers on much of Britain and the European continent, as well as parts of modern-day Russia, Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland.

169
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

170
Q

Galileo

A

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

171
Q

Estaban

A

1528, an African named Esteban journeyed to the unknown land of Florida with three hundred Spanish soldiers. Esteban had been enslaved by one of the soldiers years earlier. In 1539, Esteban served as a translator and guide on another journey to the Southwest. He hoped to find seven legendary cities of gold, but died during the journey. Later, other explorers used what Esteban and his companions had learned to map the Southwest

172
Q

Hernando de Soto

A

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540’s from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

173
Q

Jacques Cartier

A

This Frenchman explored the coast of Canada and claimed it for the French, French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

174
Q

Plymouth Colony

A

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

175
Q

William Penn

A

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a “holy experiment” based on religious tolerance.

176
Q

Roger Williams

A

English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism, he founded Providence in 1636 and obtained a royal charter for Rhode Island in 1663 (1603-1683)

177
Q

St. Augustine

A

The oldest continually inhabited European settlement in America, It was the first spanish settlement in 1565

178
Q

Benjamin Franklin

A

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

179
Q

Stamp Act

A

An act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents.

180
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

The selling of Louisiana by the French to the United States in 1803 for about $15 million; Jefferson was hesitant about the purchase, as he didn’t believe it was constitutional, however he eventually submitted to the treaties of Congress. It essentially doubled the size of the U.S.

181
Q

Lewis and Clark

A

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States’ new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

182
Q

Abolitionists

A

Anti slavery activists who demanded the immediate end of slavery.

183
Q

Underground Railroad

A

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North.

184
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.

185
Q

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would make their own decision about what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

186
Q

Isolationism

A

During the 1930s, the combination of the Great Depression and the memory of tragic losses in World War I contributed to pushing American public opinion and policy toward isolationism. Isolationists advocated non-involvement in European and Asian conflicts and non-entanglement in international politics.

187
Q

Dust Bowl

A

Region of the Great Plains (western Kansas and Oklahoma, northern Texas, and eastern Colorado and New Mexico) that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. Long periods of drought and destructive farming methods ruined farming in the region,

188
Q

Cesar Chavez

A

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

189
Q

Thurgood Marshall

A

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

190
Q

Dred Scott v. Sandford

A

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn’t sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

191
Q

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

A

1954 Supreme court ruling reversing the policy of segregation of races in public schools, declaring that seperate can never be equal and a year later ordered the integration of all public schools with all deliberate speed.

192
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court’s power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).

193
Q

Due Process

A

The constitutional guarantee of due process of law, found in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, prohibits all levels of government from arbitrarily or unfairly depriving individuals of their basic constitutional rights to life, liberty, and property. A fundamental, constitutional guarantee that all legal proceedings will be fair and that one will be given notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard before the government acts to take away one’s life, liberty, or property. Also, a constitutional guarantee that a law shall not be unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious.

194
Q

Import

A

Commodities (goods or services) bought from a foreign country

195
Q

Export

A

commodities (goods or services) sold to a foreign country

196
Q

Embargo

A

The partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country, in order to isolate it.

Core Subjects EC - 6 ELAR (14 decks)

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