SOCIAL - Studies

Question 1

What was the aim of Milgram’s experiment?

Answer 1

To investigate the level of obedience shown when participants were told by an authority figure to administer electric shocks to another person.

Question 2

What was the age range of the participants in Milgram’s study?

Answer 2

20 to 50 years of age.

Question 3

How were participants recruited for Milgram’s study?

Answer 3

Through a newspaper and direct mail advertisement asking for volunteers to participate in a study of memory and learning at Yale University.

Question 4

What role did the participants believe they were playing in the study? (Milgram)

Answer 4

The teacher.

Question 5

What was the role of Mr. Wallace in Milgram’s experiment?

Answer 5

He was the confederate playing the learner.

Question 6

What was the purpose of the straps used on the learner? (Milgram)

Answer 6

To prevent excessive movement while the learner was being shocked.

Question 7

What did the participants hear about the shocks administered? (Milgram)

Answer 7

That although the shocks can be extremely painful, they cause no permanent tissue damage.

Question 8

How many switches were on the fake shock generator created by Milgram?

Answer 8

30 switches marked in 15 volt increments from 15 to 450 volts.

Question 9

What was the initial voltage given to participants as a sample shock? (Milgram)

Answer 9

45 volts.

Question 10

What happened at the 300 volts level during the experiment? (Milgram)

Answer 10

The learner pounded on the wall and then became silent after 315 volts.

Question 11

What percentage of participants delivered shocks up to the maximum of 450 volts?

Answer 11

65% (26 out of 40 participants).

Question 12

What signs of distress did participants show during the study? (Milgram)

Answer 12

Sweating, trembling, stuttering, nervous laughter, and in some cases, seizures.

Question 13

What was one conclusion Milgram reached regarding obedience?

Answer 13

The most important factor determining obedience is the situation.

Question 14

What was a strength of Milgram’s study regarding reliability?

Answer 14

He used a standardized procedure with consistent roles and prompts.

Question 15

What did 80% of participants surveyed believe about the shocks?

Answer 15

They believed the shocks were painful.

Question 16

What was one ethical strength of Milgram’s study?

Answer 16

Participants were thoroughly debriefed after the experiment.

Question 17

What is a major weakness of Milgram’s study regarding ecological validity?

Answer 17

The task of giving electric shocks is not a typical example of obedience to authority in daily life.

Question 18

True or False: The study had high levels of internal validity. (Milgram Baseline)

Answer 18

False.

Question 19

What ethical issues were present in Milgram’s study?

Answer 19

Pressure on participants, deception about the study’s aim, and lack of full right to withdraw.

Question 20

What demographic was exclusively represented in Milgram’s sample?

Answer 20

American males.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: The sample used in Milgram’s study may be seen as _______ and _______.

Answer 21

[ethnocentric] and [androcentric].

Question 22

What does the term ‘demand characteristics’ refer to in the context of Milgram’s study?

Variation 10 - Run down office block

Answer 22

Participants displaying behavior that they believe is expected or desired in the study.

Question 23

What did Milgram wonder about the institutional setting of Yale University?

Variation 10 - Run down office block

Answer 23

If it affected the participants’ behavior and made them more likely to obey

Participants may regard Yale as prestigious and give it respect.

Question 24

How did participants feel about the integrity of the study conducted at Yale?

Variation 10 - Run down office block

Answer 24

They were confident that the study would be done with integrity and competence

This confidence was noted in interviews after the original study.

Question 25

What change did Milgram make in the variation of his experiment? | Variation 10 - Run down office block

Answer 25

He altered the location from Yale University to a run-down office building in downtown Bridgeport, Connecticut ## Footnote The new setting was perceived as less prestigious.

Question 26

What was the name of the firm participants believed was running the study in Bridgeport? | Variation 10 - Run down office block

Answer 26

Research Associates of Bridgeport ## Footnote This firm had no connection to Yale University.

Question 27

How did participants' attitudes change in the office block setting? | Variation 10 - Run down office block

Answer 27

They appeared to have more doubts and questioned themselves and what they were doing more frequently ## Footnote This indicates a decrease in confidence compared to the original study.

Question 28

What was the obedience rate in the office block setting? | Variation 10 - Run down office block

Answer 28

47.5% of the sample obeyed to the maximum voltage level ## Footnote This is a drop from 65% in the original experiment at Yale.

Question 29

What conclusion can be drawn about the influence of location on obedience levels? | Variation 10 - Run down office block

Answer 29

The original location had some influence on obedience, but it was not a crucial factor ## Footnote The drop in obedience suggests that prestige may affect behavior, but other factors are at play.

Question 30

What was the main factor influencing the results of Milgram's study? | Variation 7 - Instructions over telephone

Answer 30

The relationship between the ppt and the experimenter ## Footnote The bond formed between participants and the experimenter influenced obedience levels.

Question 31

Why did ppts obey orders in Milgram's experiment? | Variation 7 - Instructions over telephone

Answer 31

They felt loyal to the experimenter and believed they were helping scientific enquiry ## Footnote This loyalty was a significant factor in their willingness to follow instructions.

Question 32

What variation did Milgram introduce regarding the experimenter's proximity? | Variation 7 - Instructions over telephone

Answer 32

The experimenter gave instructions face to face and then communicated by telephone ## Footnote This change aimed to assess the impact of physical distance on obedience.

Question 33

How did obedience rates change when the experimenter communicated by telephone? | Variation 7 - Instructions over telephone

Answer 33

Obedience fell to 20.5% ## Footnote This significant drop indicates the influence of the authority figure's proximity.

Question 34

What behavior did many participants exhibit when instructed by the experimenter via telephone? | Variation 7 - Instructions over telephone

Answer 34

Many participants cheated and either missed out shocks or gave less voltage than ordered ## Footnote This suggests that physical distance made it easier to disobey.

Question 35

What did the participants do regarding their obedience in Milgram's study? | Variation 7 - Instructions over telephone

Answer 35

They appeared obedient even though they were not ## Footnote None of the participants confessed to disobedience, indicating a desire to maintain the appearance of compliance.

Question 36

What was one of Milgram's conclusions about authority figures? | Variation 7 - Instructions over telephone

Answer 36

The proximity of the authority figure has a powerful impact on levels of obedience ## Footnote This conclusion highlights the importance of physical presence in authority dynamics.

Question 37

What did Milgram investigate regarding the appearance of the experimenter? | Variation 13 - Ordinary Man

Answer 37

Whether the appearance of the experimenter led to a higher level of obedience.

Question 38

What was the variation in Milgram's experiment involving an 'ordinary man'? | Variation 13 - Ordinary Man

Answer 38

An ordinary man gave the orders instead of a perceived authority figure.

Question 39

How many confederates were involved in the variation of Milgram's experiment? | Variation 13 - Ordinary Man

Answer 39

Two confederates: one was the learner, and the other recorded the experiment.

Question 40

What suggestion did the 'ppt' make when the experimenter was called away? | Variation 13 - Ordinary Man

Answer 40

To go up the shock levels one at a time in response to the learner's mistakes.

Question 41

How many participants broke away from the ordinary man's instructions? | Variation 13 - Ordinary Man

Answer 41

16 out of 20 participants.

Question 42

What percentage of participants went to the maximum voltage in the variation? | Variation 13 - Ordinary Man

Answer 42

20% (4 participants).

Question 43

What happened when participants refused to continue the experiment? | Variation 13 - Ordinary Man

Answer 43

The ordinary man told them to take over his role of recording the experiment.

Question 44

What actions did participants take when they became bystanders? | Variation 13 - Ordinary Man

Answer 44

* Protesting * Trying to disconnect the shock generator * Physically restraining the ordinary man.

Question 45

What did the results of this study reinforce? | Variation 13 - Ordinary Man

Answer 45

The power of an authority figure when faced with an unusual situation.

Question 46

True or False: In Milgram's variation, participants obeyed the ordinary man's instructions without question. | Variation 13 - Ordinary Man

Answer 46

False.

Question 47

What was the aim of Burger's study? | Burger, 2009

Answer 47

To investigate obedience by partially replicating Milgram’s baseline experiment.

Question 48

What ethical measures were taken in Burger's study? | Burger, 2009

Answer 48

1. Two-step screening process 2. Right to withdraw emphasized 3. Mild 15-volt shock administered 4. Study stopped at 150 volts 5. Immediate debrief after the experiment 6. Clinical psychologist monitored participants

Question 49

What was the hypothesis of Burger's study? | Burger, 2009

Answer 49

Any differences in obedience between the 1961-1962 participants and the 2006 participants would be minimal.

Question 50

What sampling technique was used to recruit participants? | Burger, 2009

Answer 50

Self-selecting sampling technique.

Question 51

What percentage of participants were removed during the screening process? | Burger, 2009

Answer 51

30% of the sample.

Question 52

What psychological inventories were used in the second screening? | Burger, 2009

Answer 52

1. Interpersonal Reactivity Index 2. Beck Anxiety Inventory 3. Desirability of Control Scale 4. Beck Depression Inventory

Question 53

What was the final sample size after screening and dropouts? | Burger, 2009

Answer 53

29 males and 41 females.

Question 54

What was the voltage level at which the experiment was stopped? | Burger, 2009

Answer 54

150 volts.

Question 55

What were the findings related to gender differences in obedience? | Burger, 2009

Answer 55

No significant gender difference in obedience was found.

Question 56

True or False: The study found that personality factors significantly influenced obedience levels. | Burger, 2009

Answer 56

False.

Question 57

What was a key conclusion drawn from Burger's study? | Burger, 2009

Answer 57

The power of the situation is greater than the differences in individual personality.

Question 58

What ethical concerns were acknowledged by Burger regarding his study? | Burger, 2009

Answer 58

Participants were still placed in a stressful situation and verbal prods could remove their sense of right to withdraw.

Question 59

What is a criticism regarding the internal validity of Burger's experiment? | Burger, 2009

Answer 59

Assuming that participants who reached 150 volts would continue to 450 volts is an assumption that may not hold true.

Question 60

How does Burger's sample compare to Milgram's in terms of diversity? | Burger, 2009

Answer 60

Burger's sample was more diverse in terms of age and ethnicity.

Question 61

What is a counterargument regarding the generalisability of Burger's findings? | Burger, 2009

Answer 61

Participants were recruited using a self-selected technique, which may limit representativeness.

Question 62

What aspect of realism is criticized in Burger's study? | Burger, 2009

Answer 62

The study is low in mundane realism as it was lab-based and not reflective of real-world obedience.

Question 63

Fill in the blank: The experimenter in Burger's study was a _______. | Burger, 2009

Answer 63

White Caucasian male in his 30s.

Question 64

Fill in the blank: The confederate in Burger's study was a _______. | Burger, 2009

Answer 64

White Caucasian male in his 50s.

Question 65

What did participants hear at 150 volts during the experiment? | Burger, 2009

Answer 65

'Ugh. That’s all. Get me out of here. I told you I had heart trouble.'

Question 66

What was the procedure in the modelled refusal condition? | Burger, 2009

Answer 66

Two confederates were used, one modeled refusal to continue the experiment.

Question 67

True or False: Participants in the modelled refusal condition showed significantly different obedience levels compared to the baseline condition. | Burger, 2009

Answer 67

False.

Question 68

How did Burger's results compare to Milgram's original research?

Answer 68

Results found in both experiments are similar; obedience levels have not significantly changed.