Social Studies FINAL TEST study helper Flashcards
DON'T FAIL (105 cards)
1
Q
Social hierarchy
A
The division of society by rank or class
2
Q
Glacier
A
a large mass of ice that covers a section of land
3
Q
Cataract
A
Shallow, rocky sections of the Nile that create rapids
4
Q
Delta
A
A triangle-shaped area of land with rich soil deposited by a river
5
Q
Hominid
A
early relatives to modern-day humans
6
Q
Pharaoh
A
Title used by the first rulers of Egypt. Originally meant “great house.” Egyptians believed that pharaohs were gods
7
Q
Monarch
A
The ruler of a kingdom or empire
8
Q
Paleolithic Era
A
Old Stone Age, which occurred circa 2.6 million years-10,000 years ago
9
Q
Irrigation
A
Ways to supply water to an area of land without water
10
Q
Hieroglyphics
A
Egyptian writing system
11
Q
Papyrus
A
Long-lasting, paper-like material made from reeds
12
Q
Theocracy
A
A type of government where religious leaders have power and make laws
13
Q
Sanskrit
A
A language that is one of the origin of Hinduism
14
Q
Democracy
A
type of government where people rule themselves
15
Q
Karma
A
It determines a person’s fate after death
16
Q
Republic
A
A republic is a type of government in which people elect the leaders who govern them.
17
Q
Filial Piety
A
a central virtue in Chinese culture, emphasizing respect, love, and care for parents and ancestors.
18
Q
Philosophy
A
the pursuit of wisdom and understanding through rational inquiry
19
Q
Reincarnation
A
the soul’s rebirth into a new physical body or form after death
20
Q
Phalanx
A
a tightly packed military formation of heavily armed infantry.
21
Q
Oligarchy
A
It meant rule by a few wealthy individuals who controlled political power and influence.
22
Q
Animism
A
the belief that all natural objects, like animals, plants, and even rocks, possessed spirits or souls.
23
Q
Patricians
A
wealthy landowners from old families, but the class was open to a chosen few who had been deliberately promoted by the emperor.
24
Q
Legions
A
a large military unit, typically numbering between 5,000 and 6,000 soldiers, including cavalry.
25
What is the difference between absolute and relative location?
Absolute location is precise and fixed, using coordinates like latitude and longitude. Relative location describes a place's position in relation to other locations or landmarks
26
Name examples of absolute and relative locations
Absolute location: Paris, France is 48o North Latitude and 2o East Longitude. Relative location: ASD is near Amherst Street
27
Give an example of people Modifying the environment
Air conditioning
28
Give an example of people Depending on the environment
Using rivers to travel
29
Give an example of people adapting to the environment
Wearing winter coats
30
Why was the pharaoh considered the most important leader in ancient Egypt?
Because they were considered gods
31
If you studied modern culture and language in different regions, you’d be studying:
intercultural communication, linguistic anthropology, or comparative literature
32
What group of people studies history based on what earlier people left behind?
Archaeologists
33
What is a primary source?
any original record or object created during the period you are studying, or by someone who lived and experienced that time.
34
What is a secondary source?
a document or text that interprets, analyzes, or discusses events or artifacts of the ancient world, but was created after those events occurred.
35
The oldest human fossils ever discovered indicate that humans originally lived on what continent?
East Africa
36
How did early humans migrate from Asia to North America?
by following the Bering Land Bridge during the last Ice Age
37
What event marked the switch from the Paleolithic Era to the Neolithic Era?
the development of agriculture
38
How did the physical characteristics of hominids change over time?
They underwent increased brain size, the ability to walk on 2 legs, changes in jaw and tooth structures, and adaptations to different environments
39
This Mesopotamian leader created the world’s first empire when he conquered the Sumerian city-states:
Sargon
40
This leader created the earliest set of laws in history
Hammurabi
41
The early form of writing created in Mesopotamia is called:
cuneiform
42
The earliest job of scribes in Mesopotamia was to:
Write, record information, initially through writing on clay tablets
43
This city was the capital of the Assyrian Empire, and was destroyed by the
Chaldeans in 612 BC
Nineveh
44
Nebuchadnezzar built this lost wonder in the city of Babylon:
the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
45
All Mesopotamian religions were:
fundamentally polytheistic
46
This Hittite king sacked Babylon in 1595 BC, but was killed by his brother-in-law when he returned home
Mursili I
47
What were some major Sumerian inventions?
Cuneiform,
Math,
Medicine,
The wheel,
Time
48
This Mesopotamian empire was built along the Mediterranean Sea and used trade routes to gain wealth and power:
The Akkadian Empire
49
Why was Hammurabi’s Code important?
because it was one of the earliest and most comprehensive written legal codes, establishing a framework for justice and social order in ancient Babylon.
50
After the collapse of the Akkadian Empire, this city-state rebuilt its military and conquered Mesopotamia
Babylon
51
The oldest surviving poem in history is:
The Epic of Gilgamesh
52
Describe the direction of the Nile River:
It flowed from south to north
53
The periods of time when Egypt’s government was strong and stable are called:
Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom
54
The Middle Kingdom ended after Egypt was overpowered by which group of
people with chariots and bronze weapons from Southwest Asia?
The Hyksos
55
True or False: Ancient Egypt was originally divided into two kingdoms; the northern half was Upper Egypt and the southern half was Lower Egypt.
False
56
What was the most common job in ancient Egypt?
Farming
57
Why did ancient Egypt expand its territory and become an empire during the New Kingdom?
to protect itself from future foreign invasions
58
Which position in Egypt’s social hierarchy was the second-in-command whose responsibilities included supervising the courts, tax collections, pyramid construction, and government officials?
the Vizier
59
Which position in Egypt’s social hierarchy included builders, carpenters, jewelers, metalworkers, painters, sculptors, and stonecutters?
artisans
60
Who was the god of the sun that created the world and people in Egyptian mythology?
Ra
61
Why is Ashoka considered an important figure in world history?
Ashoka’s military campaigns brought wealth and power to the Mauryan Empire,
62
What do Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva represent in Hinduism?
The cosmic functions of creation, preservation, and destruction.
63
Who was the founder of Buddhism?
Siddhartha Gautama
64
What religion incorporates ideas of Hinduism and Islam, while also encouraging its followers to meditate, practice honesty, and treat others equally?
Sikhism
65
The Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Bhagavad-Gita are all famous examples of what type of Indian achievement?
literature and spiritual teachings
66
Why do historians have many questions about the history of the Indus Valley Civilization?.
Without understanding their written language, historians struggle to interpret their records, laws, and beliefs.
67
Why is the Huang He River, despite being an important water source for the ancient Chinese, sometimes called China’s Sorrow?
It’s called China’s sorrow because of its history of devastating and frequent floods that have caused immense destruction and loss of life.
68
Why were oracle bones popular among early rulers in ancient China?
Because they were used for divination, allowing rulers to seek guidance from ancestors and deities on matters of state, harvests, and military campaigns.
69
What world religion was introduced to China from India through trade routes during ancient history?
Buddhism
70
True or False: The Great Wall is made up of several smaller walls that were built, repaired, and torn down over the centuries.
True
71
Which belief system became the political philosophy of China during the reign of Wu of Han and remains important to Chinese society today?
Confucianism
72
According to Confucianism, which relationship was the most important to maintaining social harmony in China?
It was the parent-child relationship
73
How did mountains affect civilization in ancient Greece?
Mountains were not great for agriculture because they were too rocky and steep for growing crops
74
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were all famous leaders in which academic field of study?
Philosophy
75
Who was the Greek politician that was a huge advocate for democracy, supervised the reconstruction of the Acropolis, and turned the Delian League into an empire?
Pericles
76
What was the significance of the Battle of Thermopylae during the Persian Wars?
It demonstrated the Spartans' bravery and resistance against the Persian
77
What was a major cause of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta?
Athens's growing power and its control of the Delian League
78
How did Rome’s geography affect the people who lived there?.
It greatly influenced the lives of its inhabitants, particularly in areas of defense, agriculture, and trade.
79
How did the Greeks influence ancient Roman mythology?
The Greeks established colonies in southern Italy and Sicily during the 700s BCE and encountered the Romans.
80
What were some of the consequences of the Roman-Jewish Wars
All Jews were forced to leave Jerusalem and live elsewhere. All Jews were forbidden from entering Jerusalem except once a year.The Torah, which is the holy book of Judaism, and the Hebrew calendar were banned across Roman territories. A temple dedicated to Jupiter was constructed on the former site of the Second Temple.
81
According to the Bible, what method did the Romans use to execute Jesus of Nazareth?
The Romans crucified Jesus of Nazareth
82
Why is Constantine considered an important figure in world history?
because of his significant reforms and decisions that reshaped the Roman Empire and influenced the development of Christianity.
83
Why do some historians consider the Roman replicas of ancient Greek sculptures, despite being copies, a significant achievement?
because they offer valuable insights into Roman culture, aesthetics, and artistic practices
84
What language was spoken in ancient Rome and is the source of many English words today?
Latin
85
Why did the Romans repeatedly expand the size of their territory?
to secure borders, gain access to vital resources, and establish political control over new regions
86
What were the consequences of the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage?
the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean.
87
Why is Julius Caesar considered an important figure in world history?
Because he was one of the most talented Roman generals.
88
Why did several Roman senators murder Julius Caesar?
because they feared his growing power and perceived ambition to become king, which they saw as a threat to the Roman Republic.
89
What is the name of the oldest city in recorded history?
Jericho
90
Why did the Greeks create their own city-states instead of a united country during ancient history?
Because of geographic factors, which included mountainous terrain, numerous islands, and scattered coastal plains.
91
Prehistoric humans believed in multiple spirits that represented parts of the natural world. This type of religious belief is called:
animism
92
Why did Judea and Rome fight during the Roman-Jewish Wars?
because of Jewish resistance to Roman taxation, religious interference, and political oppression
93
What event do historians consider the start of the Roman Empire?
When Augustus came to power
94
How did the Imperial Crisis contribute to the decline of the Roman Empire?
It weakened central authority, triggered military defeats, and led to economic troubles
95
How did Diocletian attempt to save the Roman Empire?
He Established the Tetrarchy, reorganizing the administrative and military structure, and implementing economic reforms
96
Why was the Roman military a powerful and effective fighting force?
Because of its rigorous training, advanced tactics, excellent equipment, and strong leadership
97
What site was home to government buildings, religious temples, and a marketplace in ancient Rome and served as a spot for socializing and public speeches?
The Roman Forum, or Forum Romanum
98
Why did the plebeians protest against the Roman government and form their own council?
to gain greater political and social representation and power within the Roman Republic.
99
List the eras of ancient Roman history in chronological order.
the Roman Kingdom (753-509 BCE), the Roman Republic (509-27 BCE), and the Roman Empire (27 BCE-476 CE).
100
Know the order in which early hominids traveled between the continents
1. Out of Africa
2. Eurasia
3. Australia
4. North America
5. South America
6. Europe
7. Antarctica
101
Know the story of Siddhartha Gautama and the creation of Buddhism
He lived a sheltered life of luxury, protected from the harsh realities of the world, but then after encountering old age, illness, and death, he realized the impermanence and suffering inherent in life. Driven by this realization, he renounced his princely life and embarked on a path of spiritual seeking. He then practiced meditation, eventually achieving enlightenment while meditating under the Bodhi tree, During this enlightenment, he gained insight into the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which form the core of Buddhist teachings. After attaining enlightenment, Siddhartha Gautama began to teach others about the path to liberation from suffering. His teachings, which became known as Buddhism, emphasized the principles of compassion, mindfulness, and detachment from worldly desires. He founded the Buddhist monastic order and spent the rest of his life traveling and teaching throughout northern India. His teachings spread beyond India and eventually became a major religious and philosophical tradition in Asia and beyond.
102
Know the 5 major dynasties of ancient China in chronological order
Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, and Ming Dynasty
103
Know the key differences between the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations in Greece
The Minoans were known for their extensive trade, peaceful society, and artistic style. They used Linear A as their writing system and had grand palaces like Knossos. The Mycenaeans, on mainland Greece, were a warrior culture with fortified cities, a warrior elite, and a more rigid social structure. They used Linear B, a modified version of Linear A, and focused on military strength and conquest.
104
Know the 3 major causes of the Roman Empire’s collapse that we discussed on the DBQ
internal political instability, economic problems, and external military threats.
105
Why did Marc Antony and Octavian start a civil war in Rome after Julius Caesar’s death and fight against each other at the Battle of Actium?.
Because of internal political instability, economic problems, and external military threats
