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Year 9 Flash Cards > Social Studies - Power of the Planet > Flashcards

Social Studies - Power of the Planet Flashcards

1
Q

What makes tectonic plates move?

A

They move by the convection currents in the mantle. Heat from the core e\heats the mantle which then rises

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2
Q

Definition of plate boundairies:

A

Where 2 or more plates meet which is referred to a plate boundary

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3
Q

Which is a divergent boundary?

A

When they move away from each other horizontally and new crust is generated.

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4
Q

Which is a convergent boundary?

A

When they move towards each other and crust is consumed in the mantle.

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5
Q

Which is a transform boundary?

A

When they move beside each other vertically and crust is neither created or consumed.

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6
Q

What is the continental crust?

A

When it is located beneath land masses and between 35-70km deep

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7
Q

What is the oceanic crust?

A

located beneath deep ocean and between 5-8km deep

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8
Q

Who is Alfred Wagener?

A

He was a German scientist who said that all the Earth land masses had been joined all together over 300 million years.

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9
Q

What is Pangaea?

A

Pangaea was the first major continent when Alfred knew all the land masses had been joined together. Pangaea broke into Laurasia and Gonduwana. (entire earth)

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10
Q

What are transform boundaries?

A

When two tectonic plates are sliding past each other and when associated with landforms are fault lines. A great example is the San Andreas Fault.

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11
Q

What are collision boundairies?

A

When two continental plates collide and neither can sink so fold mountains get created

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12
Q

What are destructive boundairies?

A

When the plates are moving towards each other, subducts and results in the formation of a ocean trench.

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13
Q

What are landforms that associated with destructive boundairies?

A

Ocean trenches
Stratovolcanoes
Caldera volcanoes
Fold mountains

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14
Q

What is subduction?

A

When the heavier oceanic plate slides under the lighter continental plate.

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15
Q

What is the landform cycle?

A

Uplift
Weathering
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition

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16
Q

What is uplift?

A

The process by which the Earth’s surface slowly rises.

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17
Q

What are the 3 forms of uplift?

A

Volcanic
Faulting
Folding

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18
Q

What is volcanic uplift?

A

After a volcanic eruption when there are deformations with the ground due to plate collision

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19
Q

Where are the hotspots in NZ?

A

Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Timaru and were active from 15-2 million years ago.

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20
Q

What is the difference between magma and lava?

A

Magma is the molten rock underneath the earth whilst lava is created when the magma has reached to the surface of volcanoes

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21
Q

What different types of volcanoes are there?

A

Caldera
Shield cone
Dome volcano
Scoria cone

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22
Q

What is viscocity?

A

The thickness of a fluid and its ability to flow.

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23
Q

What are stratovolcanoes?

A

Stratovolcanoes are when heaps of magma and lava flow out being very explosive

24
Q

What are caldera volcanoes?

A

Calderas are very big craters after the collision of rock surrounding the vent after explosions that have massive amounts of magma and ash.

25
Q

What are faults?

A

Faults are formed by the movement of large crustal blocks when forces in the Earth’s crust pull it apart.

26
Q

What are the types of faults?

A

Earthquake fault
Rift valley fault
Uplift fault

27
Q

What is the Alpine Fault?

A

The largest fault in NZ and when the fault has slipped the Pacific Plate side has moved up, growing the height of the Southern Alps.

28
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

A earthquake happens when a slip or sudden fault happens and the tectonic plates get stuck at their edges due to friction

29
Q

What could happen without faults?

A

No earthquakes or mountain building

30
Q

Definition of a seismograph:

A

measures waves or movement on the crust

31
Q

Definition of seismologists:

A

studies earth movement

32
Q

How are earthquakes measured?

A

With magnitude’s from 1-10

33
Q

What is the average rate the Southern Alps is rising?

A

1km every 100 years (Southern Alps)

34
Q

What are folded mountains?

A

When mountains are formed by the folding of rock layers when rock layers are squished together and pushed upward.

35
Q

Definition of monocline:

A

only 1 fold

36
Q

Definition of anticline:

A

top of hill

37
Q

Definition of syncline:

A

bottom of valley

38
Q

What is weathering?

A

Where rock is dissolved, worn away, or broken down into smaller pieces

39
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Chemical
Physical

40
Q

What is exfoliation?

A

Rocks are warmed and expand and shrink after they have cooled down

41
Q

What is freeze-thaw action

A

Water seeps into cracks of rock then freezes and expands

42
Q

What is biological weathering

A

Bacteria produces acids that eat away the rock surface

43
Q

Definition of erosion:

A

the wearing of rocks, and how wind, water, and gravity carry away particles of rocks and soil broken down by weathering.

44
Q

What are the 4 types of erosion in the landform cycle?

A

wind/aeolian
rivers/fluvial
wave/coastal
ice/glacial

45
Q

What is wind/aeolian erosion

A

When wind gradually blows tiny particles of rock away. Many rocks have different minerals so wind wears them away at different rates.

46
Q

What is river/fluvial erosion

A

When rain splashed onto rocks takes away minerals and flows them into rivers.

47
Q

What is wave/coastal erosion

A

When waves take away the strength of the bottom of cliffs and eventually demolish

48
Q

What is ice/glacial erosion

A

When glaciers move because of the huge mass of ice making the ice move down a hill.

49
Q

What are valleys?

A

A low area of land between hills and mountains typically with a river or stream

50
Q

What is lateral moraine?

A

Rock debris on side of glacier

51
Q

What is terminal moraine?

A

debris at end of glacier

52
Q

What is medial moraine?

A

debris lines formed where 2 glaciers meet

53
Q

True or false: much of NZ have been shaped by glaciers

A

True

54
Q

What is deposition?

A

When moving water, ice, or wind loses energy the material or sediments carried are then deposited. Many landforms are the result of deposition.

55
Q

Definition for renewed:

A

to begin or take up again

56
Q

What is transportation?

A

when water sweeps along any loose soil, sand, or rocks in its way

57
Q

What is continental drift?

A

Continental drift is the moving of different plates and the separation, as how the earth has been separated into different continents over the years.

Year 9 Flash Cards (18 decks)

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