Socialisation, Culture and Identity

Question 1

Types of culture: popular

Answer 1

-mass culture:majority
-product of the mass media undertaking shallow activities (pop music,reality tv,social media)
-seem as inferior
-ruling classes use pop culture to encourage masses to passively and uncritically accept the status quo
-strinati suggest popular culture has saturated society.

Question 2

Types of culture:consumer

Answer 2

-people buy designer or goods to construct an identity and gain status
-shopping is a leisure activity
-SM used to share consumption habits
-credit card debt seen as normal
-Young argues we live in a bulimic society constant pressure to consume

Question 3

Types of culture: High

Answer 3

-Refers to products and practices that are intellectually and aesthetically superior
-opera,ballet,horses,hunting
-elite upper class society
-Bordieu argued high culture occupies the superior position because capitalist class can use its economic and political power to impose.

Question 4

Types of culture: Global

Answer 4

-shared and followed around the world
-led to world becoming interconnected socially (travel, media, internet) economically (stock markets, multinational corporations) and politically (EU,USA)
-Global village (McLuhan)
-global is actually just western and American culture.

Question 5

Primary socialisation: family, functionalist perspective

Answer 5

-PARSONS believes females are the expressive leader who’s responsible for nurturing and socialisation
-parents and grandparents transmit dominant cultural values and norms that children learn
-family is a PERSONALITY FACTORY parents produce children with identities and social qualities that fit social expectations.

Question 6

Primary socialisation: family, New Right perspective

Answer 6

-argue that socialisation in society is becoming less effective as in the increase of divorce rates and absence of fathers.
-suggests that the existence of social problems e.g child abuse or drugs is evidence that some families damage children.

Question 7

Primary socialisation: family, Marxist perspective

Answer 7

-ZARETSKY believes the function of socialisation is to in-still capitalist values such as obedience for authority
-makes it so people can be exploited and grow up accepting inequality and hierarchy

Question 8

Primary socialisation: family, feminist perspective

Answer 8

-OAKLY believes parents are role models so encourage kids to imitate behaviour like work ethic and gender roles.
-They channel (canalisation) and manipulate their children into toys considered the norm for their gender.

Question 9

Primary socialisation: family, postmodernist perspective

Answer 9

-SEIDLER believes girls from Asian backround adopt double identities and rejecting activities they are channeled towards outside their houses.

Question 10

Primary socialisation: family, interactionist perspective

Answer 10

-Parents learn from children two way process
-socialisation is experienced differently because of the influence of social class ethnicity etc.

Question 11

Secondary socialisation: formal curriculum

Answer 11

DURKHEIM
-refers to academic subjects taught in schools
-tested through exams, rewarded with qualifications
-Durkheim value the formal curriculum as it links the individual to the past creating pride in our nation
-promotes achievement, competition

Question 12

Secondary socialisation: hidden curriculum (Bowels & Gintis and Althusser)

Answer 12

-ways in which routines and organisations of schools classrooms and teaching, shape pupils attitudes behaviour to produce conformity.
-teaches unrealistic norms and values to create social order.
-Marxists believe it’s an ideological function that benefits ruling class creates social order e.g respect for authority.
-furthermore makes working class pupils blame themselves for their failure and accept their place.

Question 13

Secondary socialisation: Ethnocentric curriculum sewell

Answer 13

-concept of cultural comfort zones
-leads to minority ethnic groups feeling rejected by educational system.
-schools focus on Christian holidays, uniform not allowing cultural variations.

Question 14

Secondary socialisation: subject choices (Francis & Willis)

Answer 14

FRANCIS
-Schools reinforce gender stereotypes in subject choices
-girls to expressive subjects boys to instrumental
WILLIS
-boys who are academically successful are often victimised.
-anti subcultures are made with distrustful behaviour acquiring status.
-LEES also researched pressure put on teenage girls by their peers slag used to control sexual behaviour.

Question 15

Secondary socialisation: workplace (Waddington)

Answer 15

-used the term canteen culture exist when describing a set of norms and values people will be socialised to accept.
-exist in police force involving racist jokes and banter contributes to police stereotyping.
-suzeman observes that work holds society together
-shapes our dignity self worth and identity.

Question 16

Secondary socialisation: religion (modood and Berthoud)

Answer 16

-found that 67% of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis saw religion as very important compared to 5% of way
-church attendance may be declining and secularisation.

Question 17

Secondary socialisation: media, virtual babysitter

Answer 17

POSTMAN
-virtual babysitter which children consume more media than previous generations, become digital natives.
-socialised into gender norms from e.g cartoons peppa pig

Question 18

Secondary socialisation: media, anti social behaviour

Answer 18

-exposure of violet images on the tv, films, computer games which children copy.
-tv blurs the distinction between childhood and adulthood because children are exposed to info about sex money violence and death.

Question 19

Secondary socialisation: media, stereotypes

Answer 19

-stereotype ethnic minorities negatively.
-young black ethnic minorities as aggressive and a threat to society.
-institutionally racist policing.

Question 20

Secondary socialisation: media, consumer culture

Answer 20

YOUNG
-individuals buy products based on celeb endorsements or association with a particular lifestyle.
-bulimic society
-culture of envy encourages those from deprived backgrounds to obtain material goods.

Question 21

Social control: government

Answer 21

FORMAL
-laws which govern and regulate behaviour
-introduce laws that must be followed e.g equality act unlawful to discriminate.

Question 22

Social control: police and criminal justice system

Answer 22

FORMAL
-police enforce laws
-majority consent because it protects them
-police stop people ask questions arrest
-court choose punishments

Question 23

Social control: military

Answer 23

FORMAL
-act as a formal agent of social control acting as a policing power in times of emergency and war

Question 24

Social control: education

Answer 24

INFORMAL AND FORMAL
-schools can not operate in an orderly way unless pupils abide by rules linked to behaviour and uniform.
-formal negative sanctions like detentions, suspension and permanent exclusions.
-praise good grades merit badges school prizes.

Question 25

Secondary socialisation: workplace

Answer 25

FORMAL AND INFORMAL -source of formal control have formal rules that employees must follow such as punctuality and dress code if not followed can be dismissed and fined. -can be informal as impressive performances in the workplace may be rewarded.

Question 26

Secondary socialisation: peers

Answer 26

INFORMAL -plays a role in teaching kids norms, values and expectations of a society. -express pride love and reward -impose sanctions grounding, no technology.

Question 27

Secondary socialisation: Peers

Answer 27

INFORMAL -more important as we get older -during teen years interaction with peers allows us to experiment with the norms and values of mainstream culture. -peer group pressure is a key factor in influencing the norms and values of young people.

Question 28

Secondary socialisation: media

Answer 28

INFORMAL -report deviance -outrage is expressed about crimes committed which reinforces the expected norms of society. -inform us about what happens to individuals and groups who break accepted norms and laws likely to be punished -criticise weight whilst lol praising individuals for their bravery and or charity work

Question 29

Secondary socialisation: religion

Answer 29

INFORMAL -some have strong influence -people use the eternal reward for heaven and hell to keep their followers in line -religious beliefs such a Ten Commandments encourage people to conform socially.

Question 30

Nature: genetics

Answer 30

-behaviour determined by genetic make up premeditated and innate. Also coincides in how we inherit some social behaviour traits and characteristics from our parents intelligence, personality etc -sociobiologists believe female and males have biologically determined predisposition die to hormonal differences -men more sexual whereas women maternal and loyal

Question 31

Nature: experiments

Answer 31

Bruce’s penis was destroyed during circumcision, grew up a girl but hated girly stiff more boyish tried to take his life and found out the truth became David

Question 32

Nature: twin studies

Answer 32

-Twins share some traits even when separated share same traits -twins Oscar and Jack. Oscar bought up on Germany catholic faith jack grew up in Caribbean, Jewish faith. Had same liked and dislikes and same mannerisms.

Question 33

Nurture: Genie Wiley

Answer 33

-trapped, isolated, neglected, abused. -strapped to a potty at 13 years old fed food on occasion. -Genie was a blank slate or learning, challenging interested parties to determine whether nurture or nature determined learning.

Question 34

Nurture: Mead studying tribes

Answer 34

Arapesh tribe- both males and females were gentle and cooperative in contrast Mundugmor tribe- were violent and aggressive Chambri- males and females different to each other roles were opposite to those expected in the us and uk women dominant and aggressive and not involved in child bearing but men are timid and emotionally dependent and spent their time decorating themselves.

Question 35

Disability: medical model

Answer 35

Shakespeare -Disability needs to be cured -focuses on what they can’t do -creates master status (goffman) where all people see is disability -leads to victim blaming mentality where disabled Individuals blame themselves for being excluded.

Question 36

Disability: social model

Answer 36

Shakespeare -focus on society as helping disabled people to overcome their impairment specifically reducing barriers and improving individuals attitudes -focuses on the rights to socially include within society.

Question 37

Disability: media representations

Answer 37

Barnes -media represents negative way -seen as in need of something, as victims, as monsters, as super cripples overcoming difficulties -forms negative stereotypes leads to prejudice about ability -87% people feel judged

Question 38

Disability: learned helplessness

Answer 38

Zola -socialised as inferior -vocab from discriminatory able bodied society: de-formed, dis-eased, dis-ordered -D people internalise the idea and leads to self fulfilling prophecy.

Question 39

Disability: Social attitudes-pity

Answer 39

Gill -Impairment in a largely able bodied society leads to reactions of pity, avoidance and awkwardness -reconciling your identity as a d person with previously held notions about what being disabled means is a common hurdle.

Question 40

Disability: Legal changes

Answer 40

-Equality act (2010) -disability protected characteristic and any discrimination is illegal

Question 41

Disability: positive self identify- media rep

Answer 41

Murugami -more common in soaps and films e.g wonder -tv presenters Alex brooker -tv shows strictly come dancing Rose Ayling-Ellis -Paralympics and invictus games increases role models and inclusivity allows non disabled people to be informed -argues a disabled person can construct a positive self identity accepting.

Question 42

Disability: raising awareness

Answer 42

Scope UK Organisation committed to achieving a society where all disabled people enjoy equality and fairness.

Question 43

Age: Giddens key study

Answer 43

First stage:childhood Second stage:The working years Third stage: retirement years Fourth stage: dependant age Postmodernist believe first stage is less sheltered due to social media and tech and third stage is getting longer due to being healthier immerse themselves in family life and travel abroad

Question 44

Age: stranger danger

Answer 44

Furedi Believes parents fear more about road Safety and stranger danger so keep their children inside more. Paranoia is a modern feature and fears are stroked by the media and government over reactions so parents wrap kids up leading to failure to deal with real life.

Question 45

Age: virtual babysitter

Answer 45

Postman Children consume more media and become digital natives socialised into gender norms. Young people turn to social media, TV and internet to project to the world.

Question 46

Age: silver surfers

Answer 46

Berry Beginning to use digital forms of communication more frequently because they are more affluent today compared to other generations. Have a practical appeal to the elderly online shopping and health applications. Bridge geographic between them and their loved ones. Example is lockdown.

Question 47

Retirement

Answer 47

Giddens Believes it is the third age Releases time for elderly to enjoy new interests, learn new skills, do charity work. Allows people to continue growing learning and exploring . Some immerse themselves in family some travel and move longer than ever before.

Question 48

Age: sandwich generation

Answer 48

Older middle age people especially women who take care of older relatives as well as having some responsibility for looking after adult children who might be living at home.

Question 49

Nationality👇: globalisation becoming the norm

Answer 49

Sadar British people know more about other cultures and travel to other countries, live abroad Everyday life is more shaped through global influences Hall argues more modern national states are more culturally diverse may cause confused sense of identity

Question 50

Nationality👇: cultural hybridity

Answer 50

Ballard Societies combine the best of global culture with aspects of localised culture Brasian- British and Asian

Question 51

Nationality👇: English identity is elusive

Answer 51

Kumar The quest to expand Britishness diluted Englishness Having lost its empire and feeling very small in a global world unsure whether to act more European or American Englishness was based on historical traditions which are no meaningless

Question 52

Nationality👆: little Englanders

Answer 52

Denscombe In the face of economic crisis and increasing immigration English national identity seemed to have strengthened due to perceived source of conflict or oppression. Little englanders on the Increase people critical of multiculturalism, immigration, equal opportunity policies and the supposed failure of ethnic minority groups to conform to British cultural norms.

Question 53

Nationality👆:culture resistance

Answer 53

Hall Some cultures may resist the mass culture that globalisation brings with it as globalisation is a threat to tradition Many Muslim societies attempt to defend their Islamic way of life by discouraging young people

Question 54

Nationality👆: political parties

Answer 54

Importance of nationality determining individuals identity has been further highlighted by recent political events 44.7% of Scott’s voted Scotland becoming an independent country and separate from Uk And UKIP encouraging to ‘make Britain great again’

Question 55

Upper class

Answer 55

-Defined by wealth -associated with inter-marriage -invisibility through social closure education, leisure time, daily lives are separated from rest of population (mackintosh and Mooney) -activities like hunting polo and opera

Question 56

Middle class

Answer 56

-associated with professional and managerial careers uno educated and own their own home -deferred gratification studying and saving will bring future benefits -diverse group vast array of people with different incomes, attitudes and lifestyles fox says theres lower middle class middle middle class and upper middle class

Question 57

Working class

Answer 57

-Used to form the majority but after recession, a lack of investment and globalisation the manufacturing industry has declined. - believe in traditional roles, strong community, located in less desirable places often rented, immediate gratification.

Question 58

Under class

Answer 58

-Used negatively to describe those on benefits, blamed for their own choices. -Murray dependency culture -Coates and silburn suggest children are socialised into feelings of hopelessness less likely to get out of the situation.

Question 59

Super-rich

Answer 59

-Achieved status rather than ascribed -eg David beckham Ed -associated with glamorous lifestyle and conspicuous consumption valuing material goods -cultural capital distinct difference between upper class and super rich

Question 60

Social class: Deferred vs immediate gratification

Answer 60

Sugar man Middle class children encouraged to plan for the future while working class are encouraged to live in the moment middle class more likely to have expendable income and so have to save for less time more likely to save

Question 61

Social class: Cycle of deprivation

Answer 61

Murray Welfare system has led to a dependency culture poor are not motivated leading to children being poorly socialised ultimately leading them to be dependant on the state

Question 62

Social class: Labelling and setting

Answer 62

Keddie Middle class pupils likely to end up in top sets because people assume their clever whereas working class children end up in bottom set. Evidence suggests sets are taught differently disadvantage for working class children

Question 63

Social class: Media shaping social class identity

Answer 63

Pakulski and waters Media is the main thing especially consumption patterns- individuals use of style, brands, and designer labels. Rather than identity being derived from work it has become derived from leisure or consumption.

Question 64

Social class: Anti school subcultures

Answer 64

Willis Working class boys reject learning aimed at achieving qualifications because they see education as irrelevant to their futures as factory workers Cope with boredom of the day by ‘having a laff’

Question 65

Ethnicity: teacher expectations labelling

Answer 65

Working class boys are hustling as well as being masculine more important than academic achievement this in turn makes teachers label them and be more harsh leading to low expectations and therefore a self fulfilling prophecy.

Question 66

Ethnicity: cultural comfort zones

Answer 66

Peer groups are vert important in the lives of social minorities to protect against racism acts as a cultural comfort zones shared beliefs and values.

Question 67

Ethnicity: Media stereotypes

Answer 67

Van Dijk conducted content analysis found that black people categorised into being seen as criminals, seen as a threat and seem as unimportant. Racial profiling leads to a self fulfilling prophecy internalise these labels which creates moral panic around them

Question 68

Ethnicity: ethnocentric curriculum

Answer 68

Sewell Believes curriculum is taught from majority cultural view Brit values compulsory taught said by ofsted causing children to put on a white mask Johal and Bains

Question 69

Ethnicity: black Atlantic

Answer 69

Gilroy Found uk black youths adopt aspects of black culture as well as those from the USA forged by music and popular culture based on shared racism and struggle

Question 70

Sexuality👎: career choice

Answer 70

Ahlstedt Found majority believed their identity or orientation influences career important to be accepted In sport males want to be seen as masculine and feel judged whereas females often seem as butch and lesbian.

Question 71

Sexuality 👎: compulsory heterosexuality

Answer 71

Rich Argues media bombards us with heterosexual images (love island) Focuses on women being sexually available to men Believes women are not necessarily inherently lesbian but they become lesbian to feel free and feel empowerment.

Question 72

Sexuality👎: negative stigma

Answer 72

Goffman Not accepted in countries like Russia and even though marriage is legal in England it is not permitted in Church of England Certain religions don’t accept so Muslims

Question 73

Sexuality👍: Equality act

Answer 73

2010 Made it unlawful to discriminate against Protected characteristics like sexuality Taken seriously

Question 74

Sexuality👍: media profile

Answer 74

Gauntlett Media more diverse openly gay presenters and artists becoming more common on TV and gay and lesbian soap characters featuring regularly Growth in lead characters vigil Raises awareness more positive role models

Question 75

Sexuality👍: sixth form peer group

Answer 75

McCormack & Anderson Homophobia is not tolerated and seem as immature Boys were found to be more accepting allowing them to be more affectionate and tactile with each other

Question 76

Gender: Gender role socialisation

Answer 76

Parson;oakly Women have an expressive role natural and men have an instrumental role breadwinner and protector Believes parents channel (canalisation) and manipulate their children into toys and activities that are considered the norm

Question 77

Gender: double standards

Answer 77

Lees Slag was used to control girls’ sexual behaviour yet boys on the other hand were applauded by their peer group for participation in heterosexual acts.

Question 78

Gender: over sexualised media rep

Answer 78

McRobbie Slimblondeness considered most attractive and attracted Mulvey Male gaze theory

Question 79

Gender Identity playground

Answer 79

Schools are identity playgrounds where masculine and feminine identities are constructed Instrumental subjects Expressive subjects

Question 80

Gender: gender quake

Answer 80

Wilkinson Seismic shift in women’s attitudes taken place with girls and young women prioritising their education and career prioritise over family life to gain economic independence

Question 81

Fem explanation of GI: liberal

Answer 81

Gender role socialisation (oakly) -children manipulated into gender appropriate behaviour -reproduces a sexual stratification system in which masc seen as dominant Genderquake (Wilkinson) -Seismic change in women’s attitudes -Willing to prioritise education/career over a family

Question 82

Liberal criticism

Answer 82

Treats patriarchal stratification as a universal experience ignores impact of ethnicity and social class Sees children as passive recipients of gender role socialisation gender identities are fluid

Question 83

Marxist explanation of gender inequality

Answer 83

Reserve army of labour (Benston) -Hired by capitalist class when the economy is prospering but laid off when recession sets in Triple shift (Duncombe and Marsden) -hold down full time jobs, housework, emotional guider -soak up frustrations in form of domestic violence

Question 84

Marxist criticisms

Answer 84

-females may interpret their situation as what they want and choose to derive great happiness and satisfaction -fails to consider recent changes such as genderquake

Question 85

Radical explanation of gender inequality

Answer 85

Patriarchal terrorism (Johnson) -violence, sexual aggression and economic subordination against women to control them and maintain dominance -2 women killed every week Compulsory heterosexuality (Rich) -use patriarchy to enforce compulsory heterosexuality as a way of maintaining their control -controlled through media

Question 86

Radical criticism

Answer 86

-Portray women as passively accepting their subordinate position but modern young women reject this notion -dated poorly as fail to account for recent economic and social change

Question 87

Postmodernist explanation of gender inequalities

Answer 87

Misogyny and gendered cyber hate (Bates; Jane) -Growing trend of unacceptable sexualised behaviour that has become normalised by society including catcalling and other seemingly casual harassment from comments Andrew Tate Empowerment (Cochrane;Bates) -Digital forms of communication eg Twitter given women greater levels of empowerment -Laura Bates established the movement Everyday sexism project

Question 88

Functionalism explanation of GI

Answer 88

Instrumental v expressive roles (Parsons) -men and women have roles based on sociological differences Men=instrumental Women=expressive Women less motivated Human Capital theory (Rastogi) -support functionalism views on meritocracy -sees HC as knowledge, competency, attitude and behaviour embedded in an individual

Question 89

Functionalism explanation criticisms

Answer 89

-Liberal fem have showed it’s socially constructed and gender roles have changed -argued the main reason for low pay is systematic disadvantage in acquiring human capital

Question 90

New right explanation of GI

Answer 90

Advocate return to the nuclear family and traditional gender roles (Murray) -concerned change in gender roles related to family diversity like lone parent families lead to social problems

Question 91

New right explanation criticism

Answer 91

-seen as dated ignores increase numbers of people who choose to adopt non traditional roles and report this as a positive experience

Question 92

Weberianism explanation of GI

Answer 92

Dual market labour theory (Barron and Norris) -High status primary sector made up of secure well paid jobs low status secondary make up of low paid unskilled part time jobs Social closure-old boy network (Weber) -concept describes the exclusion of some people from members of certain status groups as a result of lack of social and business connection

Question 93

Weberianism explanation criticism

Answer 93

Fails to explain inequalities in the same sector teaching is not a secondary labour market but women are less likely than men to gain higher status -evidence to show social closure dwindling there’s a significant increase in the number of female politicians and leaders in society Kamala Harris

Question 94

Postmodernism explanation of GI

Answer 94

Preference theory (Hakim) -women’s rational choice to prioritise being a mother over a career lack of women in top jobs and their domination in part time jobs does not reflect employer discrimination but rather women’s choice

Question 95

Postmodernism explanation criticism

Answer 95

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