Socialisation, culture and identity Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Culture
A
Group of people who share a set of norms, values, beliefs and tradition
2
Q
Norm
A
Expected pattern of behaviour based on a value
3
Q
Values
A
Belief that society sees as important which underpins society’s norms
4
Q
Subcultures
A
smaller culture within a culture
5
Q
Popular culture
A
Products, activites, norms and values enjoyed by the majority of the population
6
Q
High culture
A
Products, activites, norms and values enjoyed by the upper class
7
Q
Consumer culture
A
Culture in which excessive consumption is the norm and debt is acceptable
8
Q
Global culture
A
Products, activites, norms and values enjoyed by the majority of the world
9
Q
Cultural diversity
A
Differences between (inter-) and within (intra-) cultures
10
Q
Cultural hybridity
A
Two or more cultures merging together
11
Q
Socialisation
A
Process of being taught the norms and values of a culture you live in
12
Q
Primary socialisation
A
First stage of learning the norms and values of a society, usually carried out by the families
13
Q
Secondary socialisation
A
Later stages of learning the norms and values of a society and sometimes includes resocialisation
14
Q
Agent of socialisation
A
Institution that socialises individuals into the norms and values of their society
15
Q
Nature
A
Human behaviour is dictated by biology/ genetic
16
Q
Nurture
A
Human behaviour is dictated by socialisation
17
Q
Social control
A
Institutions and mechanism used to control individual behaviour
18
Q
Informal social control
A
Institutions that subtly control behaviour
19
Q
Formal social control
A
Institutions that explicitly control behaviour
20
Q
Culture
Mead
A
Studied three tribes gender roles which were different, showing gender is nurture rather than nature
21
Q
Culture
Bourdieu
A
Three different types of capital:
- culture
- social
- economic
22
Q
Culture
McLuhan
A
World is a global village due to globalisation and the digital revolution
23
Q
Culture
Young
A
Media has created a bulimic society where overconsumption is the norm
24
Q
Social control
Lees
A
Girls sexual behaviour is controlled by slut shaming and the peer group
25
# Social control
Bowles & Gintis
Education system brainwashed children through a hidden curriculum into the obedience and unquestioning attitude needed in the workplace
26
# Social control
Mulvey
Male gaze in media objectifies and sexulises women
27
# Social Class- Important
Macintosh & Mooney
The upper class use social closure to separate themselves from the rest of population through private schools, private healthcare and private member clubs.
28
# Social Class- Important
Social closure
- 7% of UK privatly educated
- 62% senior judges and 57% House od Lords privatley educated
29
# Social Class- Important
Murray
Underclass lack status, do not work and rely on state benifits
30
# Social Class- Important
Skegs
Working class women feel inferiour to rest of society so put effort into clothing and home decor
31
# Social Class
Willis
White working class boys are a part of an anti-school subculture as they don't see education as necessary
32
# Social Class- Important
Old boys network
Upper class use peer group to gain ecconomic and cultural advantages
33
# Social Class- Changing
Tony Blair
"We are all middle class now"
34
# Social Class- Changing
Fox
Middle class is no longer a homogenous group
35
# Social Class- Changing
Pakulski & Waters
We are now defined by what we buy not what we do
36
# Social Class- Changing
Offe
Working class have access to high culture through the media
37
# Social Class- Changing
Oxford mobility study
Chance of finishing life in the upper class
W:M:U
1:2:4
38
# Social Class- Changing
Goldthorpe
Upward social mobility is possible but not equal
39
# Gender- Important
Primary socialisation
The family is the first agent of socialisation
40
# Gender
Oakley
Gender role socialisation begins in the family through the processes of: canalisation, manipulation, verbal appellations and different activities
41
# Gender- Important
Dunscombe & Marsden
Women work the tripple shift
- Paid work
- Unpaid work
- Emotional work
42
# Gender- Important
Lees
Slut shaming is used by the peer group to control girls behaviour
43
# Gender- Important
Hey
Female peer group reinforces patriarichal expectations of girls
44
# Gender- Changing
Connel
3 Main types of masculinity
- Hegemonic (agressive)
- Subordinate (Homosexual)
- Marginalised (Unemployed)
45
# Gender- Changing
Mac & Ghaill
- Crisis in masculinity in working class men due to loss of traditional breadwinner role and industrial wok
- Male peer groups reinforce hyper masculinity, football, fighting and fucking
46
# Gender- Important
New masculinities
Rise in liberalism has lead to new ways to be a man
- House husband
- Consumption of male skincare products
47
# Gender- Changing
Young & Willmott
Symetrical family has emerged
- Conjugal roles are joint
- Family is nuclear
- Family is privatised
48
Jackson
- Women who spend time drinking, smoking, swearing and disrupting lessons
- Secularisation and the creation of the pill contracept lead to this
49
# Ethnicity- Important
Hewitt
White backlash- White working class men believe British culture is under threat from immigration and multiculteralism
50
# Ethnicity- Important
Guhmann
Second generation British Asians continued to place importance on traditional values such as religion
51
# Ethnicity- Important
Sewell
Cultural comfort zone- Seek support from people of the same ethnicity
52
# Ethnicity- Important
Cashmore & Troyna
- Ethnic minorities turn inward during hardship
- Religion and culture is strengthened as group share norms and values
53
# Ethnicity- Important
Gilroy
Black Atlantic ethnic identity is stronger than nationality as they have a shared experience of racism and discrimination
54
# Ethnicity- Important
Derrington & Kendell
Discrimination faced by travellers msde their ethnic identity stronger and brought them closer together
55
# Gender- Changing
Nayak
White wannabies- White people who adopt the norms of Black Hip-Hop culture
56
# Gender- Changing
Modood
Second generation British migrants felt that they were more British than their parents
57
# Gender- Changing
Johal
Braisans- British Aisans who mix both cultures together
58
# Gender- Changing
McLuhan
The world is a global village which causes homogenisation and ethnic identities to disappear
59
# Gender- Changing
James
Racism unified the culture of African-Caribbeans
60
# Gender- Changing
Jacobson
Pakistani Muslim boys developed a stronger ethnic identity in response to descrimination
61
# Age- Important
Cohen
Studied media coverage of Mods vs Rockers in 1960s, issues between groups were no worse than other incidents but created a moral panic. The media turned the youth into folk devils
62
# Age- Important
Mori
- 36% of discrimination cases in the workplace are due to ageism
63
# Age- Important
Law
Cannot until 18:
- Vote
- Get married
- Get full legal parents
64
# Age
Hockey & James
Infantilisation of the elderly- Children and the elderly lack personhood and are excluded, in care homes the elderly are often treated like children
65
# Age- Important
Corner
Media socialises younger people into viewing the elderly as a burden
66
# Age- Changing
Shawn & Gant
Silver surfers- Internet has positive impact on mental health and identity of elderly
- Reduces lonliness and other mental health conditions
- Specifc websites for elderly e.g silver pool on plenty of fish
67
# Age- Changing
Featherstone & Hepworth
Media can create new identities and as as the population ages more positive images may emerge
68
# Age- Changing
BBFE
Average age child first watches porn has fallen to 13
69
# Age
Postman
Childhood is declining due to spread of media and visual culture
70
# Nationality- Important
Garner
British nationality identity usually expressed negatively expressed
- Immigration concernes
- Faliure to conform to British values
- Racism
71
# Nationality- Important
Hewitt
White backlash- White working class men believe British culture is under threat from immigration and multiculteralism
72
# Nationality- Important
Guibernau & Goldblatt
5 British values
- British empire
- Geography
- Royal family
- War
- Protistantism
73
# Nationality- Important
Michael Gove- 2014
Made laws to teach British values in school
74
# Nationality- Important
Sindic
Newspapers reinforce imagined community as everyone sees the same front page
75
# Nationality- Important
Anderson
Nation is an imagined community made to feel a sense of social solidarity throught the media
76
# Nationality- Changing
Kennedy & Banks
- Globalisation has undermined national identity
- Developments in technology mean local producers can be accesses anywhere and doesn't define national identity
77
# Nationality- Changing
McLuhan
The world is a global village and we share the same culture
78
# Nationality- Changing
Kumar
English lack patriotism compared to Welsh/Irish/Scottish, English lack a sense of identity
79
# Nationality- Changing
Condor
Liberalism unwilling to adopt st Georges cross as it is a symbol of football hooliganism and racism
80
# Nationality- Changing
Howe
Englis nationalism feels exclusively white, national identity is declining for ethnic minorities
81
# Nationality- Changing
Sardar
Divisions that need to underpin national identity declining e.g East vs West, capitalism vs communism- countries no longer know where they stand
82
# Sexuality- Important
Reiss
Male rent boys had homosexual sex for money but idenitfied as hetrosexual
83
# Sexuality- Important
Rich
- Women’s sexuality is oppressed by men, through marriage and sexual violence
- Compulsive heterosexuality forced heterosexuality onto women
84
# Sexuality- Important
Global sexuality views
Little agrement on morality of homosexuality, punishable by death in 13 countries
85
# Sexuality- Important
Gender equality law centre
40% Of gay and lesbian adults have faced harrassment in the workplace due to their sexuality
86
# Sexuality- Important
McIntosh
The role of homosexual males in western society involves expectations and cultural characteristics
87
# Sexuality- Important
Plummer
Homosexuality career, once someone has accepted the label they will seek out others where homosexual characteristics are the norm
88
# Sexuality- Changing
Jackson
- A ladette is a woman who spends time drinking, smoking, swearing and disrupting lessons
- Secularisation and the creation of the contraceptive pill has led to this
89
# Sexuality- Changing
Connell
- Subordinate masculinity (homosexual)- typically associated with LGBT+, erosion of distinct sexual idenities
- Marginalised masculinity (unemployed)- becoming acceptable for anyone to express self reguardless of sexuality
90
# Sexuality- Changing
2013 Marriage act
2013 Marriage act- Legalised same sex marriage
2002 Adoption and children act- Gay couples legally allowed to adopt
91
# Sexuality- Changing
Beck & Beck-Gernsheim
Individual no longer tied to fixed labels/ identities based on characteristics so can express sexuality freely
92
# Disability- Important
Shakespeare
Disabled people are often socialised into seeing themselves as victims
- Medical model- person is problem
- Social model- society excludes the disabled
93
# Disability- Important
Ridley
2/3 People said they felt awkward talking to a disabled person and woulld avoid if possible
94
# Disability- Important
Learned helplessness
Form of self-fufilling prophecy
95
# Disability- Important
Scope
Changed name from spastic society as it leads to self-fulfilling prophecy and impacts idenity
96
# Disability- Important
Zola
Language used to describe the disabled is negative
97
# Disability- Changing
Murugami
Person first movement allows those living with disabilities to construct positive identities, can be a person with a disability rather than a disabled person
98
# Disability- Changing
Watson
"I know this may sound strange to you, but I do not see myself as a disabled person"
99
# Disability- Changing
Legal change
- 2010 Equality act- illegal to discriminate a disabled person due to their disability
- 1935- Churchill favours confinment and segrigation of "feeble minded"
100
# Disability- Changing
Watson et al
- Studied media representation of disability in tabloid newspapers, amount of reporting on disability has increases
- Representational media has more disabled contestants e.g Strickly, Love Island
