socialisation (key studies)

Question 1

Ann Oakley 1982
(primary socialisation+gender)

Answer 1

Feminist

Identifies two key processes in the construction of gender roles in the family

MANIPIULATION: encouraging behaviour seen as stereotypically expectable for the child gender and punishing children with sanctions when they go against the norm.

CANALISATION: channeling children interests into actives which are seen as normal for that gender.

Question 2

Val Gillies 2005
(primary socialisation+class)

Answer 2

study focused on social class

• Middle class parents are more likely to emphasise the importance of education.
• This encourages children to do well at school and strive for higher education.
• Working class parents more likely to teach strategies to cope with poverty,low social status and vulnerability to abuse and hardship.
• The’re less likely to emphasise the importance of education.

Question 3

Paul Ghuman 1999
(primary socialisation+ethnicity)

Answer 3

Looked at ethnicity as a factor effecting socialisation specifically in first generation Asian communities.

parents taught:
- emphasis on being obedient, loyal and respectful to elders
- social conformity was demanded
- interdependence within the community was valued over being individualistic
- Religion was valued as it encouraged humility and selflessness

collectivism vs individualism

These values where achieved through sanctions and role modelling

Question 4

Howard Becker 1965
(secondary socialisation and education)

Answer 4

Interactionist
Labelling theory

-Believed that people conformed to other expectations of them
eg, if a teacher believed a student was clever they would treat them as such. In turn the student would work extra hard in order to conform to that standard.

This is known as a self full-filling prophecy

Question 5

Smith et al
(secondary socialisation and peer groups)

Answer 5

researched the effects of cyber bullying in schools

a study of 100 people over 14 schools completed a survey about there experiences with cyber bullying.

• 20% of students had experienced negative social sanctioning online in the form of ‘ bitchy comments.
• This resulted in the students trying to change there behaviour to ‘fit in’
• This online mocking disproportionately effected girls
• a third of the students failed to tell anyone about it.

Question 6

Sherry Turkle
(secondary socialisation and the media)

Answer 6

Believes social media is having a negative effect on our identity,our real life relationships and our ability to communicate

-we live in danger of being completely isolated in the digital world
-believes online interactions aren’t as fulfilling as face to face ones
- believes technology is causing a disconnect within the family
parents who role model this by constantly checking there phones and tablets are setting a bad example for there children who will inevitably mirror there behaviour

Question 7

Waddington
(secondary socialisation and the workplace)

Answer 7

talks about how work can influence our socialisation

Eg canteen culture within the police force.
- this acts as an informal education as police officers socialise with others, sharing war stories and getting advice from the more experienced.

However this also perpetuates the underlying culture of racism homophobia and misogyny within the police.

Question 8

Sue Sharpe
changing gender identies

Answer 8

Studied how our values change overtime.
- studied girls leaving state schools in 1970 vs 1990

-found in the 70s girls wanted to fall in love, get married and have children.

• in the 90s girls still wanted that but first wanted a career, education and Finacle independence

Question 9

Simpson
sexuality

Answer 9

talked about norms and the unwritten rules on how society expects us to behave.
looked at gay men and there behaviour.
- found in hetreospaces they ‘degayed’ themselves to fit in more but in homospaces there where free to live there truth.

Question 10

Parsons
gender

Answer 10

believed men and women had expressive and instrumental roles.

Question 11

Walter
secondary socialisation and media

Answer 11

feminist perspective
claimed we live in a hyper sexual society
women seen as objects for desire as supposed to people
worried about how porn and social media is effecting eating disorders in girls

Question 12

Hakim

Answer 12

• criticizes Walters argument

argues that women are exercising new found freedom to engage in this hypersexual culture
.
women are breaking away from past views of femininity.

believes women should use there sexual capital to gain more opportunity.

Question 13

Sewell

Answer 13

argues media is influential in the lives of inner city Afro-Caribbean youths

thinks rap stars act as father figures and role models to black youths.

thinks they are heavily influenced by the hyper male, ‘gangsta’ lyrics which promote gang cultre and discrimination

Question 14

Watson

Answer 14

suggests the hijab isn’t a symbol of oppression but a symbol of liberation from the male gaze.

Question 15

Bruce

Answer 15

believes religion is used as a cultural defence by the older generation to preserve traditional values.

Question 15

gannon

Answer 15

believes women are discriminated against in both age and gender.

a women’s status is reduced after menopause because society still see’s women in terms of objects for childbearing

Question 16

Skeggs

Answer 16

studied a group of WC women working in healthcare

found that despite wearing makeup and heels in there day to day life they found as there careers progressed they started wearing more demure clothes
copying those who already worked there.

Question 17

Durkheim

Answer 17

believes the hidden curriculum in education creates value consensus in society and that the organic analogy describes the way society functions.

Question 18

davis and moore

Answer 18

argue that education teaches us the value of a meritocracy.
the competition in education allows for role allocation with those students who work the hardest achieving the highest paying jobs and status

Question 19

the Sutton trust

Answer 19

looks at the percentage of people in high paying jobs who went to a private school.

found over 1/3 of politicians did
this is an issue as politicians are supposed to represent everyone in society.

Question 20

Hey

Answer 20

looked at how peers controlled eachother.

through informal sanctions
girls who dont conform to soical expectations get exclueded by other girls.

WC peer groups are more likely to slut shame and dress more provocatively than MC groups

Question 21

Poole

Answer 21

found that peers have more of an influence over our socialisation than media.

found multicultural friend groups where less likely to buy into Islamophobic media than those in all white friend groups.

Question 22

Goffman (identity)

Answer 22

believes in impression management

• the idea that we’re performing in front of others

Question 23

mead

Answer 23

‘the i and me’

we have our true selves then the version of ourselves we put on for others

Question 24

hobsawn

Answer 24

'identity is like the shirts we wear not the skin we're born with'

Question 25

Les back

Answer 25

- talked about hybrid identities - how especially in milticultral friend groups there’s a mix of black identities with many white working class youths adopting slang traditonally associated with carribean - black views this as a good thing as it blurs the divisive lines of ethnicity. Discussed cultural borrowing

Question 26

Nyak

Answer 26

cultural hybridity Studied a group called ‘white wannabes’ who adopted ‘black culture’

Question 27

Hebdige

Answer 27

subcultures Studied punk youth Found they had different norms and values Rejected capitalism Refused to by clothes in shops

Question 28

Adorno

Answer 28

Believes pop culture distracts the masses from what’s truly important Reinforces a false class consciousness and capitalist ruling class values

Question 29

Gordan

Answer 29

Believes the selective law enforcement is used to prevent the middle classes from being held to account with there crimes. there's often more of a focus on street crime than white collar crime.

Question 30

Durkheim (social control)

Answer 30

views prison as positive. Reinforces social expectations, norms and values through media coverage of crime.

Question 31

Goffman

Answer 31

studied the effects of total institutions found in psychiatric wards, military and prison people are completely stripped of there identity and every aspect of there day to day life is controlled. this leads to them becoming institutionalised and not being able to function on the outside.

Question 32

Murray and Heidenstam

Answer 32

there study highlights the effects of informal social control when its not applied correctly. Inadequate socialisation.

Question 33

Strinati

Answer 33

Pop culture reinforces consumerism and false psychological need. keeps people on a Finacle knife edge so they keep working for the capitalist system

Question 34

Ken Roberts

Answer 34

upper classes immerse their children into a 'culture of privilege' this creates a superiority complex which is reinforced through there peer groups. eg private schools, Bullingdon club ect

Question 35

Ritzer

Answer 35

global culture big multinational companies come and monopolizes local markets. this is known as mcdonaldisation

Question 36

McLuhan

Answer 36

Belives global culture is a good thing. we live in a global villlage because of the internet. eg children from different countries playing video games together.

Question 37

katz and sugiyama

Answer 37

in consumer culture products are a status symbol. eg people are more likely to by phones which are fashionable as supposed to functionable.

Question 38

laughy

Answer 38

consumer culture normalises debt and encourages people to keep working

Question 39

Giddens

Answer 39

we live in a risk society due to globalisation personal risk increased divorce rates few can look forward to a job for life. social risk religious fundamentalism world recessions refugee crisis environmental risk global warming pandemics

Question 40

Fox

Answer 40

talks about intercultural diversity. different nationalities have different mannerisms eg french people place a high value on food British people talk a lot about the weather ect

Question 41

right realists

Answer 41

believe we should be tough on crime

Question 42

Marshall

Answer 42

found 60% of people he surveyed thought themselves as belonging to a class 90% could place themselves in one if promted

Question 43

Pakulski and waters

Answer 43

post modernist sociololgist belive lifestyle is a central organising feature in peoples lives in class is no longer relevent in peoples social identities embourgoisment thesis lesuire activities where previously based on class but now we have more consumer choice.

Question 44

Braverman

Answer 44

proletarianization: a reaction to embourgeoisement traditional w/c jobs have been overtaken by the service sector. despite being less dangerous these jobs are still low income and low status so the people who work them are still m/c

Question 45

willmott and young

Answer 45

traditional working class

Question 46

goldthorpe and lockwood

Answer 46

new working class norms and values changed in regards to gender materialism has increased the standard of living. w/c have become emboised

Question 47

Bourdeiue

Answer 47

discussed cultural, material and social capital of the m/c

Question 48

Sugarman

Answer 48

deferred gratification m/c where more likely to wait to be rewarded

Question 49

king and smith

Answer 49

jack wills crowd brand targeted privately educated university goers wearers used the brand to cling onto there upper class identity in ever diversifying universities

Question 50

savage

Answer 50

devised the great British class survey

Question 51

Charles murray

Answer 51

believed in the polarisation of the w/c those who moved on after britain moved to the service sector and those who didnt belives those who didnt (the underclass) claimed benefits and where lazy and undeserving

Question 52

Wilkinson

Answer 52

the gender quake surveyed 18 to 34 year olds found there had been a feminisation of the workplace women had ambitions similar to men and belived equality was there birthright men more likely in be in the domestic sphere and women in the professional one

Question 53

the guardian

Answer 53

found millennials were more likely to have a less confined view of gender than the older generation. rise of androgyny and being non binary

Question 54

martin mak an ghaili

Answer 54

with a decline of tradtionally manly jobs and manual labour men are experiencing a crisis of masculinity. men are no longer connected to there identity so respond by turning to crime, domestic violence and in some cases depression to regain power.

Question 55

Hines

Answer 55

conducted interviews with trans people found many felt associations from the opposite gender in childhood. agents of socialisation helped validate there feelings later in life. most felt like there gender identity was most validated later in life by medical experts

Question 56

Butler

Answer 56

gender performity argues the way we act in accordance to our gender prevents us from pushing the boundaries of what it means to be a man or women

Question 57

McRobbie and Garber

Answer 57

argue differences between the genders is the result of boys and girls differently in childhood

Question 58

Kate Julian

Answer 58

living through a sex recession young people aren't as interested in sex as the previous generations people going on sex holidays as if its a job

Question 59

McCormack

Answer 59

decrease in cultural homophobia studied sixth form boys and found they were openly accepting about how all sexuality should be treated the same due to changes in media and changes at a cultural level

Question 60

michel Foucault

Answer 60

discourse theory peoples perspectives on sexuality are shaped by the conversations surrounding it.

Question 61

Mcintosh

Answer 61

there are expectations surrounding how a person should act depending on there sexuality

Question 62

Rich

Answer 62

compulsory heterosexuality female sexuality is oppressed by the patriarchy to ensure they stay submissive to men lesbianism is a threat to male dominance and power

Question 63

kinsey reports

Answer 63

37% of men had a sexual experience with another man but didn't call themselves gay

Question 64

weeks

Answer 64

found that sexuality was still a powerful identity. people lgbtq still have to come out. though many people still describe themselves as gay despite never being in a same sex relationship.

Question 65

Judith butler

Answer 65

queer theory emphasises the fluidity of sexual relationships. sexuality is socially constructed through language. we need to deconstruct these in order to move forward as a society

Question 66

hayfeild and jowett

Answer 66

bisexual identities are oppressed from both straight and homosexual communities

Question 67

yougov survey 2019

Answer 67

48% of 18-24 year olds define themselves as something other than straight.

Question 68

todd

Answer 68

straight jacket discusses gay shame and how suicide rates are higher in members of the LGBTQ community also high levels of addiction and drug use

Question 69

Alexander

Answer 69

The art of being black Studied a group of youths she felt were symbolic markers of being black things like the way they walked talked and dressed were identifiable as being 'black' concluded the black identity was one that takes work.

Question 70

hewitt

Answer 70

invisible culture studied white working class youths in London felt disappointed they couldn't celebrate there culture without seeming racist

Question 71

Johal

Answer 71

suggests cultural hybridity wasn't as easy to master as back suggests Asian youths often adopt a white mask in order to fit in with there peers perpetuates white supremacy

Question 72

Modmood

Answer 72

studied afro Caribbean youths living in Birmingham second and third generation immigrants were less likely to be religious than there parents more likely to identify as black rather than west Indian like there parents

Question 73

Giddens (ethnicity)

Answer 73

argues post modern world is overwhelming people are falling back on traditional values explains a resurgence in culture

Question 74

Zempi

Answer 74

experienced extreme racism and islamophobia when she wore a burqa believes society is becoming more racist and its as bad as its ever been

Question 75

Bhopal

Answer 75

societies like Britain still focus on the culture of the white majority especially in education

Question 76

Durkheim (nationality)

Answer 76

talks about sacred symbols and how flags anthems and symbols linked to national identity are extremely powerful in creating a sense of national identity

Question 77

Fox (nationality)

Answer 77

English people have developed a specific way of communicating complex conversational codes others those who aren't socialised into them

Question 78

Kumar

Answer 78

claims the english have developed a sense of missionary nationalism england doesnt have as strong a sense of national identites as other british nations

Question 79

Miller and slater

Answer 79

carried out research in trinidad found the internet had strengthened national identity

Question 80

ford and godwin

Answer 80

found the social profile of people who voted bnp in the last election middle aged male employees from the industrial north felt threatened by the impact of immigration on the labour and housing markets

Question 81

Hall

Answer 81

countries will display three responses to globalisation except global culture embrace cultral hybrididty form a cultral ressitance

Question 82

sadar

Answer 82

global identity crisis after cold war traditional national identifers of east vs west communism vs capitalism had broken down decolinisation has led britain to become a much smaller nation faced with a choice to either become more European or american

Question 83

robertson

Answer 83

glocalisation rejection of americanisation and cultral imerialism

Question 84

Hockey and james

Answer 84

Older people are infantilised by those around them treated like children in both how they are spoken to and the lack of control they have over there lives. creates learned helplessness reinforced via residential care.

Question 85

Arber and Ginn

Answer 85

Older people make significant contributions to the economy via unpaid work help finacle with there children, child care to grandkids ect shows there still a vital part of our society

Question 86

roberts (age)

Answer 86

laws have continued to prolong the amount of time someone remains a child and are dependant on there parents. eg assuming parents are able to cover the cost of uni stopping unemployment benefits for under 18s

Question 87

Goffman (age)

Answer 87

stigma of age people see themselves negatively when others hold that view of them. results in the development of a master status. eg delinquent teenagers, older people experience ageism ect

Question 88

Featherstone and Hepworth

Answer 88

the more consumer power older people have the more likely they are to defy stereotypes

Question 89

phillipson

Answer 89

old age is now experienced in the community rather than the family. older people are now claiming friends neighbours and the media are just as important as there immediate family. media has a strong influence on older people because they watch a lot of tv there still active in the community but there work is unpaid concludes old age can be a time of opportunity

Question 90

Berry

Answer 90

there's a digital divide between the old and young

Question 91

Gannon

Answer 91

The cult of the youth doubly disadvantages women as they lose both there sexual capital and social status as they enter retirement

Question 92

Moore

Answer 92

Old age and the lonliness epidemic w/c people more likely to experience fuel poverty

Question 93

Shakespere

Answer 93

society relies on the medical model disabled people are socialised into a victim mentality. society disables people with impairments describes a lack of control people with disablitys have

Question 94

scott

Answer 94

studied how people who become blind are socialised into blind personalities. suggests that learned helplessness is internalised and perceptions on disability are based on social expectations.

Question 95

barnes

Answer 95

the media has a role to play in the construction of disabled identities disablity usually presented through stereotypes - the tragic and pitiful - villainous and evil - the 'super crip'

Question 96

murugami

Answer 96

disabled people increasingly have the ability to construct there own identity accepting there impairment but become independent of it

Question 97

Mcruer

Answer 97

disabled communities are changing language surrounding there identity crip theory builds on queer theory suggests that disability is a performance which you need to play in order to be taken seriously, further reinforces discrimination rather than addvressing the root concerns of the issue